Performance of Seed-Primed Ricebean (Vigna umbellata L.) Using Organic-Based Priming Materials and Priming Duration
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Jun 30, 2023
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Abstract
Ricebean is valued for its nutritional content and as a legume, it provides soil health benefits which is an essential element in farming systems. Long storage of its seeds affects the seed quality which lessens the production as well as the income of the grower. For these reasons, seed priming is practiced to enhance seed performance for better crop stand. Thus, this study was conducted from January to June 2019 at Benguet State University (BSU) experiment area, La Trinidad, Benguet to determine the best organic-based priming materials for ricebean production; the best soaking duration for ricebean seeds; the interaction effect of organic-based priming material and soaking duration of seeds on the growth and yield of ricebean; and the profitability of ricebean primed at different duration using organic-based materials. Ricebean seeds primed with garlic extract has the earliest emergence and number of normal seedlings, heaviest seeds, and total seed yield. Among the soaking duration, 6 hours has the earliest emergence; highest percent emergence; the greatest number of normal seedlings and seeds per pod; and the heaviest 200 seed-weight and total seed yield. The growth and yield of the ricebean plants were not considerably influenced by the interactions of the priming duration and organic-based priming materials. Garlic extract priming material and six hours of priming showed the highest return on cash expenses.
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Aboutalebian, M. A., & Mohagheghi, A. (2015). Influence of different seed priming treatments on yield and yield components of lentil under terminal drought stress condition. Isfahan University of Technology-Journal of Crop Production and Processing, 5(15):129-141. https://jcpp.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2330-en.html
Agawane, R.B., & Parhe, S.D. (2015). Effect of seed priming on crop growth and seed yield of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merill]. The Bioscan, 10(1):265-270.
Ajouri, A., Haben, A., & M. Becker. (2004). Seed priming enhances germination and seedling growth of barley under conditions of P and Zn deficiency. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 167: 630-636. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jpln.200420425#:~:text=Seed%20priming%20 (soaking%20in%20water,P%20and%20Zn%20 are%20deficient.
Ali, M., Hayat, S., Ahmad, H., Ghani, M.I., Amin, B., Atif, M. J., & Cheng, Z. (2019). Priming of Solanum melongena L. seeds enhances germination, alters antioxidant enzymes, modulates ROS, and improves early seedling growth: Indicating aqueous garlic extract as seedpriming bio-stimulant for eggplant production. Applied Sciences, 9(11): 2203. https://www. researchgate.net/publication/333461032_ Priming_of_Solanum_melongena_L_Seeds_Enhances_Germination_Alters_Antioxidant_Enzymes_Modulates_ROS_and_Improves_ Early_Seedling_Growth_Indicating_Aqueous_Garlic_Extract_as_Seed-Priming_Bio-Stimulant_ fo
Arif, M., Jan, M.T., Marwat, K.B., & Khan, M.A. (2008). Seed priming improves emergence and yield of soybean. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 40(3):1169-1177. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234073168_Seed_priming_improves_emergence_and_yield_of_soybean
Arif, M., Kakar, K.M., Jan, M.T., & Younas, M. (2003). Seed soaking enhances emergence of mungbean. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 19: 439-441. https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=PK2004000412
Arif, M., Ali, S., Shah, A., Javed, N., & Rashid, A. (2005). Seed priming maize for improving emergence and seedling growth. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 21: 17-20. https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=PK2006000727
Basra, M.S., Ehsanullah, E.A., Warraich, M.A., & Afzal, I. (2003). Effect of storage on growth and yield of primed canola (Brassica napus) seeds. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 5:117-120. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268183869_Effect_of_Storage_on_Growth_and_Yield_of_Primed_Canola_Brassica_napus_Seeds
Bepary R.H. (2016). Rice bean: nutrinional vibrant bean of Himalayan belt (North East India). Food preservation and sensory science division, DRDO-defence food research laboratory. Maysore, India. Pp. 1-7. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303827403_Rice_bean_nutritional_vibrant_bean_of_Himalayan_belt_North_East_India
Chang, K.C.S., Mcginn, J.M., Weinert, E. Jr., Miller, S.A., Ikeda, D.M., & Duponte M.W. (2014). Organic farming: Oriental Herbal Nutrient (OHN). Cho global natural farming Hawai’i, Hilo, Hi and College of Tropical Agriculture and human resources, cooperative extension service, Hilo, Hi.
Copeland, L.O. (1976). Principles of seed science and technology. Department of crop and soil sciences. Michigan State University. Pp. 162-165.
Farooq M., Basra S.M.A., & Khan M.B. (2007). Seed priming improves growth of nursery seedlings and yield of transplanted rice. Arch Agron Soil Sci, 53: 315-326. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03650340701226166
Ghassemi-Golezani, K., Aliloo, A., Valizadeh, M., & Moghaddam, M. (2008). Effects of different priming techniques on seed invigoration and seedling establishment of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik). Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, 6(2), 222. https://www.research gate.net/publication/254861029_Effects_of_different_priming_techniques_on_seed_invigoration_and_seedling_establishment_of_lentil_Lens_culinaris_Medik#:~:text=Invigoration%20of%20lentil%20seeds%20by,with%20 water%2C%20NaCl%20and%20KNO3.
Harris, D. (1996). The effect of manure, genotype, seed priming depth, and date of sowing on the emergence and early growth of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) in semi-arid Botswana. Soil and Tillage Research, 40: 73-88. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222059704_The_effects_of_manure_genotype_seed_priming_depth_and_date_of_sowing_on_the_emergence_and_early_growth_of_Sorghum_bicolor_L_Moench_in_ semi-arid_Botswana
Harris, D., Joshi, A., Khan, P.A., Gothkar, P., & Sodhi, P.S. (1999). On farm seed priming in semi arid agriculture: development and evaluation in maize, rice and chickpea in India using participatory methods. Experimental Agriculture, 35: 15-29. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/experimental-agriculture/article/abs/onfarm-seed-priming-in-semiarid-agriculturedevelopment-and-evaluation-in-maize-riceand-chickpea-in-india-using-particimethods/F191362DBA68D3FA2520BCEED81FAF0C
Harris, D., Tripathi, R.S., & Joshi, A. (2000). On farm seed priming to improve crop establishment and yield in direct-seeded rice, in IRRI: International Workshop on Dry-seeded Rice Technology; held in Bangkok, 25-28 January 2000. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284053321_On-farm_seed_priming_to_improve_crop_establishment_and_yield_in_dry_direct-seeded_ rice
Hassanpouraghdam, M.B., Pardaz, J.E., Akhtar, N.F., Erkel, E.I., Barnes, L.D., Giuliano, E.A., & Moore, C. P. (2009). The effect of osmo-priming on germination and seedling growth of Brassica napus L. under salinity conditions. Journal of food, agriculture & environment, 7(2): 620-622. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233842832_The_effect_of_osmo-priming_on_germination_and_seedling_growth_of_Brassica_napus_L_under_salinity_conditions
Hayat, S., Ahmad, H., Ali, M., Ren, K., & Cheng, Z. (2018). Aqueous garlic extract stimulates growth and antioxidants enzymes activity of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Scientia Horticulturae, 240, 139-146. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304423818304035
Islam S.M.A., Hossain G.A., Fakir, G.A., AsadUd Doullah, A. (2001). Effect of phydical seed sorting,seed treatment with garlic extract and vitavaz 200 on seed borne fungal flora and seed yield of Jute (Corchorus capsularis L.) Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 4: 1509–1511. https://agris.fao.org/agrissearch/search.do?recordID=PK2002000079
Jafar, M.Z., Farooq, M., Cheema, M.A., Afzal, I., Basra, S.M.A., Wahid, M.A., Aziz, T., & Shahid, M. (2012). Improving the performance of wheat by seed priming under saline conditions. Journal of Agronomy Crop Science, 198: 38–45. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258517906_Improving_the_Performance_of_Wheat_by_Seed_Priming_Under_Saline_Conditions#:~:text=In%20conclusion%2C%20different%20seed%20priming,kinetin%20was%20the%20least%20effective.
Jothityangkoon, D., Ruamtakhu, C., Tipparak, S., Wanapat, S., & Polthanee, A. (2007). Wood vinegar enhances seed germination and seedling development of rice. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Rice for the Future, 5-9 November 2007, Bangkok, Thailand. https://agrivita.ub.ac.id/index.php/agrivita/article/view/1332
Karssen G.M., Haigh A., Vander Toorn P., & Weggs R. (1989). Physiological mechanism involved in seed priming. Nato Asi series A: Life Sci., 187: 269-280. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4613-0617-7_20
Koeppe, D.E., Hasset, J.J., & Miller, J.E. (1971). Interaction of lead and cadmium on maize root growth and uptake of lead and cadmium by roots. Department of agronomy, University of Illionis, Urbana, Illionis, USA. Pp. 1-10. https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=GB19770155570
Mehri, S. (2015). Effect of seed priming on yield and yield components of soybean. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 15(3): 399-403. https://www.idosi.org/aejaes/jaes15(3)15/17.pdf
Mu, J., Uehara, T., & Furuno, T. (2003). Effect of bamboo vinegar on regulation of germination and radicle growth of seed plants. Journal of wood science, 49(3): 262-270. https://jwoodscience.springeropen.com/articles/10.1007/s10086-0020472-z
Murungu, F.S., Chiduza, C., Nyamugafata, P., Clark, L.J., & Whalley, W.R. (2003). Effect of Onfarm seed priming on emergence, growth and yield of cotton and maize in a semi arid area of Zimbabwe. Experimental Agriculture, 40: 23-26. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/experimental-agriculture/article/abs/effect-of-onfarm-seed-priming-on-emergencegrowth-and-yield-of-cotton-and-maize-in-asemiarid-area-of-zimbabwe/E7EA8C0D085B2848D3EF95F20DC825B8
Naidu V.S., & Paroha, G.R. (2008). Growth and biomass in two weed species, Parthenium hysterophorus and Amaranthus viridis under elevated carbon dioxide. Ecology, environment and conservation. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288734910_Growth_ and_biomass_partitioning_in_two_weed_species_parthenium_hysterophorus_C3_and_amaranthus_viridis_C4_under_elevated_CO2
Nawaz J.M., Hussain, A., Jabbar, G.A., Nadeem, M., Sajid, M., & Subtain, M. (2013). Seed priming a technique. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305755218_Seed_Priming_A_Technique
Rao, G.R., & Singh, B.G. (1997). Effect of hydrationdehydration on growth and yield of soybean. Journal of Oilseed Research, 14: 327-329. https://eurekamag.com/research/002/813/002813839.php
Siddiqui, M.H., & Al-whaibi, M.H. (2013). Role of nano-SiO2 in germination of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) seeds. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260010447_Role_of_nano-SiO2_in_germination_of_tomato_Lycopersicum_esculentum_seeds_Mill
Silva A.S., Schmid L.P., Mielezrski F., & Pavan B.E. (2018). Physiological quality of rice seeds stored in different environments and packages. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 23(2):1-9. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325336885_Physiological_Quality_of_Rice_Seeds_Stored_in_Different_Environments_ and_Packages
Singh H., Jassal R.K., Kang J.S., Sandhu J.S., Kang, H., & Grewal, K. (2015). Seed priming technique in field crops – a review. Agri. Review, 36(4): 251-264. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285636319_Seed_priming_techniques_in_field_crops_A_review#:~:text=The%20general%20purpose%20of%20seed,under%20normal%20or%20stress%20conditions.
Sivritepe H.O., & Sivritepe N. (2016). Organic hydration-dehydration techniques improved seedling quality of organic tomatoes. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311651674_Organic_Seed_Hydration-Dehydration_Techniques_Improve_Seedling_Quality_of_Organic_Tomatoes
South Asia Rural Reconstruction Association (SARRA). (2015). Oriental Herbal Nurients (OHN). https://www.cgnfindia.com/ohn.html
Sung, J.M., & Chang, Y.H. (1993). Biochemical activities associated with priming of sweet corn seeds to improve vigor. Seed Science and Technology, 21: 97-105. https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=CH9300394
Tad-awan, B.A., Ignacio, J.C., Badol, E.O, & Sagalla, J.E. (2005). Diversity analysis of indigenous ricebean collection from Benguet. ANAP Research and Development Journal, 3. Benguet State University.
Ventura, L., Donà, M., Macovei, A., Carbonera, D., Buttafava, A., Mondoni, A., & Balestrazzi, A. (2012). Understanding the molecular pathways associated with seed vigor. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 60: 196-206. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22995217/
Agawane, R.B., & Parhe, S.D. (2015). Effect of seed priming on crop growth and seed yield of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merill]. The Bioscan, 10(1):265-270.
Ajouri, A., Haben, A., & M. Becker. (2004). Seed priming enhances germination and seedling growth of barley under conditions of P and Zn deficiency. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 167: 630-636. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jpln.200420425#:~:text=Seed%20priming%20 (soaking%20in%20water,P%20and%20Zn%20 are%20deficient.
Ali, M., Hayat, S., Ahmad, H., Ghani, M.I., Amin, B., Atif, M. J., & Cheng, Z. (2019). Priming of Solanum melongena L. seeds enhances germination, alters antioxidant enzymes, modulates ROS, and improves early seedling growth: Indicating aqueous garlic extract as seedpriming bio-stimulant for eggplant production. Applied Sciences, 9(11): 2203. https://www. researchgate.net/publication/333461032_ Priming_of_Solanum_melongena_L_Seeds_Enhances_Germination_Alters_Antioxidant_Enzymes_Modulates_ROS_and_Improves_ Early_Seedling_Growth_Indicating_Aqueous_Garlic_Extract_as_Seed-Priming_Bio-Stimulant_ fo
Arif, M., Jan, M.T., Marwat, K.B., & Khan, M.A. (2008). Seed priming improves emergence and yield of soybean. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 40(3):1169-1177. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234073168_Seed_priming_improves_emergence_and_yield_of_soybean
Arif, M., Kakar, K.M., Jan, M.T., & Younas, M. (2003). Seed soaking enhances emergence of mungbean. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 19: 439-441. https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=PK2004000412
Arif, M., Ali, S., Shah, A., Javed, N., & Rashid, A. (2005). Seed priming maize for improving emergence and seedling growth. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 21: 17-20. https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=PK2006000727
Basra, M.S., Ehsanullah, E.A., Warraich, M.A., & Afzal, I. (2003). Effect of storage on growth and yield of primed canola (Brassica napus) seeds. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 5:117-120. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268183869_Effect_of_Storage_on_Growth_and_Yield_of_Primed_Canola_Brassica_napus_Seeds
Bepary R.H. (2016). Rice bean: nutrinional vibrant bean of Himalayan belt (North East India). Food preservation and sensory science division, DRDO-defence food research laboratory. Maysore, India. Pp. 1-7. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303827403_Rice_bean_nutritional_vibrant_bean_of_Himalayan_belt_North_East_India
Chang, K.C.S., Mcginn, J.M., Weinert, E. Jr., Miller, S.A., Ikeda, D.M., & Duponte M.W. (2014). Organic farming: Oriental Herbal Nutrient (OHN). Cho global natural farming Hawai’i, Hilo, Hi and College of Tropical Agriculture and human resources, cooperative extension service, Hilo, Hi.
Copeland, L.O. (1976). Principles of seed science and technology. Department of crop and soil sciences. Michigan State University. Pp. 162-165.
Farooq M., Basra S.M.A., & Khan M.B. (2007). Seed priming improves growth of nursery seedlings and yield of transplanted rice. Arch Agron Soil Sci, 53: 315-326. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03650340701226166
Ghassemi-Golezani, K., Aliloo, A., Valizadeh, M., & Moghaddam, M. (2008). Effects of different priming techniques on seed invigoration and seedling establishment of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik). Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, 6(2), 222. https://www.research gate.net/publication/254861029_Effects_of_different_priming_techniques_on_seed_invigoration_and_seedling_establishment_of_lentil_Lens_culinaris_Medik#:~:text=Invigoration%20of%20lentil%20seeds%20by,with%20 water%2C%20NaCl%20and%20KNO3.
Harris, D. (1996). The effect of manure, genotype, seed priming depth, and date of sowing on the emergence and early growth of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) in semi-arid Botswana. Soil and Tillage Research, 40: 73-88. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222059704_The_effects_of_manure_genotype_seed_priming_depth_and_date_of_sowing_on_the_emergence_and_early_growth_of_Sorghum_bicolor_L_Moench_in_ semi-arid_Botswana
Harris, D., Joshi, A., Khan, P.A., Gothkar, P., & Sodhi, P.S. (1999). On farm seed priming in semi arid agriculture: development and evaluation in maize, rice and chickpea in India using participatory methods. Experimental Agriculture, 35: 15-29. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/experimental-agriculture/article/abs/onfarm-seed-priming-in-semiarid-agriculturedevelopment-and-evaluation-in-maize-riceand-chickpea-in-india-using-particimethods/F191362DBA68D3FA2520BCEED81FAF0C
Harris, D., Tripathi, R.S., & Joshi, A. (2000). On farm seed priming to improve crop establishment and yield in direct-seeded rice, in IRRI: International Workshop on Dry-seeded Rice Technology; held in Bangkok, 25-28 January 2000. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284053321_On-farm_seed_priming_to_improve_crop_establishment_and_yield_in_dry_direct-seeded_ rice
Hassanpouraghdam, M.B., Pardaz, J.E., Akhtar, N.F., Erkel, E.I., Barnes, L.D., Giuliano, E.A., & Moore, C. P. (2009). The effect of osmo-priming on germination and seedling growth of Brassica napus L. under salinity conditions. Journal of food, agriculture & environment, 7(2): 620-622. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233842832_The_effect_of_osmo-priming_on_germination_and_seedling_growth_of_Brassica_napus_L_under_salinity_conditions
Hayat, S., Ahmad, H., Ali, M., Ren, K., & Cheng, Z. (2018). Aqueous garlic extract stimulates growth and antioxidants enzymes activity of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Scientia Horticulturae, 240, 139-146. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304423818304035
Islam S.M.A., Hossain G.A., Fakir, G.A., AsadUd Doullah, A. (2001). Effect of phydical seed sorting,seed treatment with garlic extract and vitavaz 200 on seed borne fungal flora and seed yield of Jute (Corchorus capsularis L.) Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 4: 1509–1511. https://agris.fao.org/agrissearch/search.do?recordID=PK2002000079
Jafar, M.Z., Farooq, M., Cheema, M.A., Afzal, I., Basra, S.M.A., Wahid, M.A., Aziz, T., & Shahid, M. (2012). Improving the performance of wheat by seed priming under saline conditions. Journal of Agronomy Crop Science, 198: 38–45. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258517906_Improving_the_Performance_of_Wheat_by_Seed_Priming_Under_Saline_Conditions#:~:text=In%20conclusion%2C%20different%20seed%20priming,kinetin%20was%20the%20least%20effective.
Jothityangkoon, D., Ruamtakhu, C., Tipparak, S., Wanapat, S., & Polthanee, A. (2007). Wood vinegar enhances seed germination and seedling development of rice. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Rice for the Future, 5-9 November 2007, Bangkok, Thailand. https://agrivita.ub.ac.id/index.php/agrivita/article/view/1332
Karssen G.M., Haigh A., Vander Toorn P., & Weggs R. (1989). Physiological mechanism involved in seed priming. Nato Asi series A: Life Sci., 187: 269-280. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4613-0617-7_20
Koeppe, D.E., Hasset, J.J., & Miller, J.E. (1971). Interaction of lead and cadmium on maize root growth and uptake of lead and cadmium by roots. Department of agronomy, University of Illionis, Urbana, Illionis, USA. Pp. 1-10. https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=GB19770155570
Mehri, S. (2015). Effect of seed priming on yield and yield components of soybean. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 15(3): 399-403. https://www.idosi.org/aejaes/jaes15(3)15/17.pdf
Mu, J., Uehara, T., & Furuno, T. (2003). Effect of bamboo vinegar on regulation of germination and radicle growth of seed plants. Journal of wood science, 49(3): 262-270. https://jwoodscience.springeropen.com/articles/10.1007/s10086-0020472-z
Murungu, F.S., Chiduza, C., Nyamugafata, P., Clark, L.J., & Whalley, W.R. (2003). Effect of Onfarm seed priming on emergence, growth and yield of cotton and maize in a semi arid area of Zimbabwe. Experimental Agriculture, 40: 23-26. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/experimental-agriculture/article/abs/effect-of-onfarm-seed-priming-on-emergencegrowth-and-yield-of-cotton-and-maize-in-asemiarid-area-of-zimbabwe/E7EA8C0D085B2848D3EF95F20DC825B8
Naidu V.S., & Paroha, G.R. (2008). Growth and biomass in two weed species, Parthenium hysterophorus and Amaranthus viridis under elevated carbon dioxide. Ecology, environment and conservation. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288734910_Growth_ and_biomass_partitioning_in_two_weed_species_parthenium_hysterophorus_C3_and_amaranthus_viridis_C4_under_elevated_CO2
Nawaz J.M., Hussain, A., Jabbar, G.A., Nadeem, M., Sajid, M., & Subtain, M. (2013). Seed priming a technique. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305755218_Seed_Priming_A_Technique
Rao, G.R., & Singh, B.G. (1997). Effect of hydrationdehydration on growth and yield of soybean. Journal of Oilseed Research, 14: 327-329. https://eurekamag.com/research/002/813/002813839.php
Siddiqui, M.H., & Al-whaibi, M.H. (2013). Role of nano-SiO2 in germination of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) seeds. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260010447_Role_of_nano-SiO2_in_germination_of_tomato_Lycopersicum_esculentum_seeds_Mill
Silva A.S., Schmid L.P., Mielezrski F., & Pavan B.E. (2018). Physiological quality of rice seeds stored in different environments and packages. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 23(2):1-9. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325336885_Physiological_Quality_of_Rice_Seeds_Stored_in_Different_Environments_ and_Packages
Singh H., Jassal R.K., Kang J.S., Sandhu J.S., Kang, H., & Grewal, K. (2015). Seed priming technique in field crops – a review. Agri. Review, 36(4): 251-264. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285636319_Seed_priming_techniques_in_field_crops_A_review#:~:text=The%20general%20purpose%20of%20seed,under%20normal%20or%20stress%20conditions.
Sivritepe H.O., & Sivritepe N. (2016). Organic hydration-dehydration techniques improved seedling quality of organic tomatoes. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311651674_Organic_Seed_Hydration-Dehydration_Techniques_Improve_Seedling_Quality_of_Organic_Tomatoes
South Asia Rural Reconstruction Association (SARRA). (2015). Oriental Herbal Nurients (OHN). https://www.cgnfindia.com/ohn.html
Sung, J.M., & Chang, Y.H. (1993). Biochemical activities associated with priming of sweet corn seeds to improve vigor. Seed Science and Technology, 21: 97-105. https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=CH9300394
Tad-awan, B.A., Ignacio, J.C., Badol, E.O, & Sagalla, J.E. (2005). Diversity analysis of indigenous ricebean collection from Benguet. ANAP Research and Development Journal, 3. Benguet State University.
Ventura, L., Donà, M., Macovei, A., Carbonera, D., Buttafava, A., Mondoni, A., & Balestrazzi, A. (2012). Understanding the molecular pathways associated with seed vigor. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 60: 196-206. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22995217/