Working Conditions and Turnover Intentions of Teachers in Small Public Junior High Schools of Baguio City
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Jun 28, 2021
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Abstract
This study explored the teacher's working conditions and turnover intentions from six small public junior high schools of Baguio City using a sequential explanatory mixed-method design with 55 survey respondents and 24 interview and FGD participants. Teachers quantitatively described their working conditions as fair, while the majority qualitatively described the same as poor. Quantitative findings also revealed a low level of turnover intentions among teachers, but qualitative data say otherwise. Forcing teachers to pass learners who reasonably need to be retained for the sake of performance-based bonus is one of the cited reasons why teachers develop turnover intentions. However, despite the challenges at work, teachers find fulfillment in their service to young people and ‘good working relationship with fellow teachers as important coping mechanism. Overall, the study found no significant difference in the teachers’ level of perception of their working conditions when grouped according to sex, years in service, and civil status. The level of prevalence of turnover intentions differs significantly according to years in service, and working condition is significantly related to turnover intentions. Teachers’ coping mechanisms such as pagtitiis, malasakit, and finding comfort from their kapwa teachers sustained them in their profession.
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References
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Bay, A.B., An, I.L., & Laguador, J.M. (2014). Organizational satisfaction and work engagement of Filipino teachers in an Asian University. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Research, 2(23093218), 32-41.
Berry, B., Smylie, M., & Fuller, E. (2008). Understanding teacher working conditions: A review and look to the future. Center for Teaching Quality.
Cabigas, L.V. (2019). Who let the teachers out? Australia: Monash University.
Carmeli, A., & Weisberg, J. (2006). Exploring turnover intentions among three professional groups of employees. Human Resource Development International, 9(2): 191-206.
Cenkci, T., & Ötken, A.B. (2014). Organizationbased self-esteem as a moderator of the relationship between employee dissent and turnover intention. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 404-412.
Chin, R., & Lee, B. (2008). Principles and practice of clinical trial medicine. San Francisco: Elsevier.
Creswell, J. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed method approaches. Los Angeles: Sage Publications, Inc.
Department of Education. (2008). Deped memorandum no. 291: Guidelines for the Implementation of CSC Resolution No. 080096 on working hours for public school teachers. http:// www.deped.gov.ph/sites/default/files/memo /2008/DM_s2008_291.pdf
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DeTienne, K.B., Agle, B.R., Phillips, J.C., & Ingerson, M.C. (2012). The impact of moral stress compared to other stressors on employee fatigue, job satisfaction, and turnover: An empirical investigation. Journal of Business Ethics, 110: 337-391. https://link.springer.com/ article/10.1007/s10551-011-1197-y
Fuentes, R. (2012). The Influence of demographics, organizational commitment and burnout towards the turnover intentions of teacher. Southeast Asian Interdisciplinary Research Journal, 1(1): 145158. http://www.brokenshire.edu.ph/bcjournal/ index.php/sair/article/view/15/pdf_12
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Gitlin, A. (2001 ). Bounding Teacher Decision Making: The threat of intensification. Educational policy, 15(2): 227-257.
Glennie, E., Mason, M., & Edmunds, J. (2016). Retention and satisfaction of novice teachers: Lessons from a school reform model. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 4(4): 244-258. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1095143.pdf
Hargreaves, A. (1992). Time and teachers’ work: An analysis of the intensification thesis. Teachers College Record, 94: 87-100.
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Karsenti, T., & Collin, S. (2013). Why are new teachers leaving the profession? Results of a Canada-wide survey. Education, 3(3): 141-149. http://article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.edu.2013030 3.01.html
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Kukano, C. (2011). Implementing personnel retention strategies at Cor Jesu College in the Philippines. Unpublished Master Thesis. University of South Africa.
Ladd, H. (2009). Teachers’ Perceptions of their Working Conditions: How predictive of policyrelevant outcomes? CALDER Working Paper No. 33. Duke University: CALDER, The Urban Institute.
Langguyuan-Kadtong, M., & Usop, A.S. (2013). Work performance and job satisfaction among teachers. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3: 245-252.
Lee, W.J. (2008). A pilot survey of turnover intention and its determinants among adult probation line officers in Texas. Studylib.net. Texas. http://studylib.net/download/8962573
Mosura, I.A. (2012). Filipino hierarchy of needs and management styles. Slideshare.net. https:// www.slideshare.net/BambiRoseEspaola/pinoymanagement
National Education Association. (2006). Workplace conditions. NEA Professional Library.
Pagayanan, R.P. (2016). Stress profile of public elementary school teachers in Tacloban City division: Inputs for a proposed classroom intervention program. International Conference on Research in Social Sciences, Humanities and Education. pp. 126-129. Cebu. http://dx.doi.org/1 0.17758/URUAE.UH0516121
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Rabago-Mingoa, T. (2017). Filipino teachers’ stress levels and coping strategies. DLSU Research Congress 2017. Manila: De La Salle University.
Raziq, A., & Maulabakhsh, R. (2015). Impact of working environment on job satisfaction. Procedia Economics and Finance, 23: 717-725. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)005 24-9
Romero, G.D., & Bantigue, N.F. (2017). Job satisfaction level of k to 12 teachers utilizing. Asia Pacific Journal of Contemporary Education and Communication Technology, 3(1): 1-11. https://apiar.org.au/journal-paper/job-satis faction-level-of-k-to-12-teachers-utilizing-multi ple-statistical-tools/
Roxas, C.C. (2009). Stress among public elementary school teachers. University of the Cordilleras, 1(4): 86-108. http://docshare04.docshare.tips/files /7591/75912272.pdf
Sapsal, J.P., Pilapil, C.J., Fernandez, S., & Wong, B.K. (2019). Please do not let me go: Factors affecting teachers’ retention in the our Lady of Fatima Academy of Davao, Incorporated. Unpublished Research
Paper. https://www.academia.edu/38659376/ PLEASE_DO_NOT_LET_ME_GO_FACTORS_ AFFECTING_TEACHERS_RETENTION_IN_ THE_OUR_LADY_OF_FATIMA_ACADEMY_ OF_DAVAO_INCORPORATED
Sergiovanni, T.J. (1995). Small schools, great expectations. Educational Leadership. http:// www.ascd.org/publications/educationalleadership/nov95/vol53/num03/Small-Schools,Great-Expectations.aspx
Shavelson, R.J., Linn, R.L., Baker, E.L., Ladd, H.F., Darling-Hammond, L., Shepard, L.A., Barton, P.E., Haertel, E., Ravitch, D., & Rothstein, R. (2010). Problems with the use of student test scores to evaluate teachers. Economic Policy Institute. https://www.epi.org/publication/bp 278/
Sims, S., & Jerrim, J. (2020). TALIS 2018: Teacher working conditions, turnover and attrition. Working Paper. https://assets.publishing.service. gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/873922/Teaching_and_ Learning_International_Survey_2018_March_ 2020.pdf
Stewart, Y., & Shephard, D. (2016). 2016 North Carolina teachers' working condition survey. North Carolina: NC Listens.
Sykes, G. (2008). An inquiry concerning teacher working conditions. Hillsborough, NC.
Symeonidis, V. (2015). The status of tachers and the teaching profession: A Study of educational unions' perspectives. 5 boulevard du Roi Albert II, b-1210 Brussels, Belgium.
Ubalde, M.J. (2009). Pay, career growth push Filipino teachers abroad. GMA News Online. http://www. gmanetwork.com/news/news/content/165744/ pay-career-growth-push-filipino-teachers-abroad /story/
Vassallo, B. (2014). What makes them still tick? A study of job (dis) satisfaction among long serving teachers in Malta. The Online Journal of New Horizons in Education, 4(1): 97-116. http://doc player.net/12354278-What-makes-them-stilltick-a-study-of-job-dis-satisfaction-among-longserving-teachers-in-malta-brian-vassallo-1.html
Viernes, R., & Guzman, A.D. (2005). Filipino teachers’ experiences of supportive relationships with colleagues: A Narrative-biographical Inquiry. Asia Pacific Education Review, 6(2): 137-142. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ728834.pdf
Zipin, L. (2002). Too much with too little. University of South Australia. https://www.aeuact.org.au/ application/files/6315/1969/9147/Dr_Lew_ Zipin_Too_Much_With_Too_Little.pdf
Andres, T. (1989). Management Filipino Makati, Philippines: St. Paul Publications style.
Apple, M.W., & Jungck, S. (1992). You don’t have to be a teacher to teach this unit: Teaching, technology and control in the classroom. In A. Hargreaves, & M. Fullan, Understanding teacher development. pp. 20-42. New York: Teachers College Press.
Bay, A.B., An, I.L., & Laguador, J.M. (2014). Organizational satisfaction and work engagement of Filipino teachers in an Asian University. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Research, 2(23093218), 32-41.
Berry, B., Smylie, M., & Fuller, E. (2008). Understanding teacher working conditions: A review and look to the future. Center for Teaching Quality.
Cabigas, L.V. (2019). Who let the teachers out? Australia: Monash University.
Carmeli, A., & Weisberg, J. (2006). Exploring turnover intentions among three professional groups of employees. Human Resource Development International, 9(2): 191-206.
Cenkci, T., & Ötken, A.B. (2014). Organizationbased self-esteem as a moderator of the relationship between employee dissent and turnover intention. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 404-412.
Chin, R., & Lee, B. (2008). Principles and practice of clinical trial medicine. San Francisco: Elsevier.
Creswell, J. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed method approaches. Los Angeles: Sage Publications, Inc.
Department of Education. (2008). Deped memorandum no. 291: Guidelines for the Implementation of CSC Resolution No. 080096 on working hours for public school teachers. http:// www.deped.gov.ph/sites/default/files/memo /2008/DM_s2008_291.pdf
Department of Education. (2009). DepED No. 16: Addendum to DepED memorandum 291 s.2008. http://www.deped.gov.ph/sites/default/files/ order/2009/DO_s2009_16.pdf
Department of Education Baguio. (2018). Personnel Office- Special Order of Separation/Transfer [Data file and logbook].
Department of Education Baguio. (2019). Division Memorandum 059 s.2019: Call for Application for the 2019 Beggang ti Bag-iw: Search for Outstanding SPG, SSG and School Clubs. https://depedpines. com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/DivisionMemo-No.-059-S.-2019-Call-for-Applicationfor-the-2019-Beggang-ti-Bag-iw-Search-froOutstanding-SPG-SSG-and-School-Clubs.pdf
DeTienne, K.B., Agle, B.R., Phillips, J.C., & Ingerson, M.C. (2012). The impact of moral stress compared to other stressors on employee fatigue, job satisfaction, and turnover: An empirical investigation. Journal of Business Ethics, 110: 337-391. https://link.springer.com/ article/10.1007/s10551-011-1197-y
Fuentes, R. (2012). The Influence of demographics, organizational commitment and burnout towards the turnover intentions of teacher. Southeast Asian Interdisciplinary Research Journal, 1(1): 145158. http://www.brokenshire.edu.ph/bcjournal/ index.php/sair/article/view/15/pdf_12
Geraldo, J.M. (2017). The Filipino heirarchy of needs. www.slideshare.net. https://www.slideshare.net/ joanmarie1986/the-filipino-hierarchy-of-needs
Giroux, H. (1985). Teacher as Transformatory intellectuals. Social Education, 49(5): 376-379.
Gitlin, A. (2001 ). Bounding Teacher Decision Making: The threat of intensification. Educational policy, 15(2): 227-257.
Glennie, E., Mason, M., & Edmunds, J. (2016). Retention and satisfaction of novice teachers: Lessons from a school reform model. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 4(4): 244-258. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1095143.pdf
Hargreaves, A. (1992). Time and teachers’ work: An analysis of the intensification thesis. Teachers College Record, 94: 87-100.
Hess, A. (2019). 50% of teachers surveyed say they’ve considered quitting, blaming pay, stress and lack of respect. CNBC.com. https://www. cnbc.com/2019/08/09/50percent-of-teacherssurveyed-say-theyve-considered-quittingteaching.html
Ilagan, J.R., Hechanova, M.R., Co, T.A., & Pleyto, V.J. (2014). “Bakit ka kumakayod?”: Developing a Filipino needs theory of motivation. Phillippine Journal of Psychology, 47(1): 117-143. https:// www.pap.ph/file/pjp/pjp2014-47-1-pp117-143ila.pdf
Karsenti, T., & Collin, S. (2013). Why are new teachers leaving the profession? Results of a Canada-wide survey. Education, 3(3): 141-149. http://article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.edu.2013030 3.01.html
Kleinfeld, J. (1993). No Shortage of Characters in the North. Fairbanks Daily News-Miner. p. A3.
Kukano, C. (2011). Implementing personnel retention strategies at Cor Jesu College in the Philippines. Unpublished Master Thesis. University of South Africa.
Ladd, H. (2009). Teachers’ Perceptions of their Working Conditions: How predictive of policyrelevant outcomes? CALDER Working Paper No. 33. Duke University: CALDER, The Urban Institute.
Langguyuan-Kadtong, M., & Usop, A.S. (2013). Work performance and job satisfaction among teachers. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3: 245-252.
Lee, W.J. (2008). A pilot survey of turnover intention and its determinants among adult probation line officers in Texas. Studylib.net. Texas. http://studylib.net/download/8962573
Mosura, I.A. (2012). Filipino hierarchy of needs and management styles. Slideshare.net. https:// www.slideshare.net/BambiRoseEspaola/pinoymanagement
National Education Association. (2006). Workplace conditions. NEA Professional Library.
Pagayanan, R.P. (2016). Stress profile of public elementary school teachers in Tacloban City division: Inputs for a proposed classroom intervention program. International Conference on Research in Social Sciences, Humanities and Education. pp. 126-129. Cebu. http://dx.doi.org/1 0.17758/URUAE.UH0516121
Pangan, F., Hechanova, M.R., Franco, E.P., Mercado, R.H., & Lopez, C. (2008). In R. Hechanova, & E. Franco, Leading Philippine organizations in a changing world (pp. 49-60). Quezon City: Ateneo University Press.
Rabago-Mingoa, T. (2017). Filipino teachers’ stress levels and coping strategies. DLSU Research Congress 2017. Manila: De La Salle University.
Raziq, A., & Maulabakhsh, R. (2015). Impact of working environment on job satisfaction. Procedia Economics and Finance, 23: 717-725. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)005 24-9
Romero, G.D., & Bantigue, N.F. (2017). Job satisfaction level of k to 12 teachers utilizing. Asia Pacific Journal of Contemporary Education and Communication Technology, 3(1): 1-11. https://apiar.org.au/journal-paper/job-satis faction-level-of-k-to-12-teachers-utilizing-multi ple-statistical-tools/
Roxas, C.C. (2009). Stress among public elementary school teachers. University of the Cordilleras, 1(4): 86-108. http://docshare04.docshare.tips/files /7591/75912272.pdf
Sapsal, J.P., Pilapil, C.J., Fernandez, S., & Wong, B.K. (2019). Please do not let me go: Factors affecting teachers’ retention in the our Lady of Fatima Academy of Davao, Incorporated. Unpublished Research
Paper. https://www.academia.edu/38659376/ PLEASE_DO_NOT_LET_ME_GO_FACTORS_ AFFECTING_TEACHERS_RETENTION_IN_ THE_OUR_LADY_OF_FATIMA_ACADEMY_ OF_DAVAO_INCORPORATED
Sergiovanni, T.J. (1995). Small schools, great expectations. Educational Leadership. http:// www.ascd.org/publications/educationalleadership/nov95/vol53/num03/Small-Schools,Great-Expectations.aspx
Shavelson, R.J., Linn, R.L., Baker, E.L., Ladd, H.F., Darling-Hammond, L., Shepard, L.A., Barton, P.E., Haertel, E., Ravitch, D., & Rothstein, R. (2010). Problems with the use of student test scores to evaluate teachers. Economic Policy Institute. https://www.epi.org/publication/bp 278/
Sims, S., & Jerrim, J. (2020). TALIS 2018: Teacher working conditions, turnover and attrition. Working Paper. https://assets.publishing.service. gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/873922/Teaching_and_ Learning_International_Survey_2018_March_ 2020.pdf
Stewart, Y., & Shephard, D. (2016). 2016 North Carolina teachers' working condition survey. North Carolina: NC Listens.
Sykes, G. (2008). An inquiry concerning teacher working conditions. Hillsborough, NC.
Symeonidis, V. (2015). The status of tachers and the teaching profession: A Study of educational unions' perspectives. 5 boulevard du Roi Albert II, b-1210 Brussels, Belgium.
Ubalde, M.J. (2009). Pay, career growth push Filipino teachers abroad. GMA News Online. http://www. gmanetwork.com/news/news/content/165744/ pay-career-growth-push-filipino-teachers-abroad /story/
Vassallo, B. (2014). What makes them still tick? A study of job (dis) satisfaction among long serving teachers in Malta. The Online Journal of New Horizons in Education, 4(1): 97-116. http://doc player.net/12354278-What-makes-them-stilltick-a-study-of-job-dis-satisfaction-among-longserving-teachers-in-malta-brian-vassallo-1.html
Viernes, R., & Guzman, A.D. (2005). Filipino teachers’ experiences of supportive relationships with colleagues: A Narrative-biographical Inquiry. Asia Pacific Education Review, 6(2): 137-142. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ728834.pdf
Zipin, L. (2002). Too much with too little. University of South Australia. https://www.aeuact.org.au/ application/files/6315/1969/9147/Dr_Lew_ Zipin_Too_Much_With_Too_Little.pdf