Damage Assessment of Bark Beetle Infestations on Benguet Pine (Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon) in Camp John Hay, Baguio City, Philippines
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Oct 4, 2019
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Abstract
The damage of bark beetle infestation on pine trees, and contributing factors in Camp John Hay, Baguio City, Philippines was assessed to provide bases for management actions. Biophysical conditions and tree health within eight plots were evaluated and described. In each plot, three trees were chosen where bark beetles were collected and brought to the laboratory for identification. Ips and Dendroctonus spp. were identified to be of utmost concern in pine tree health maintenance. The girdling effect of these beetles as they form galleries coupled with pine wilt disease caused most deaths of pines. The stressed conditions of trees in this tourist destination increased vulnerabilities. Risk ratings and early signs of infestations of pines can be used to detect attacks for immediate sanitation cutting. Improved soil nutrition, and avoidance of physical damage and wounds can be undertaken to maintain tree health and reduce infestation.
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References
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Beaver R.A. & Liu, L.Y. (2010). An annotated synopsis of Taiwanese bark and ambrosia beetles, with new synonymy, new combinations and new records (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Zootaxa 2602: 1–47
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Chang, R. T., Duong, A., Taerum, S.J., Wingfield, M.J., Zhou, X., and de Beer, Z.W. (2017). Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with coniferinfesting beetles and their phoretic mites in Yunan, China. MycoKeys. 28:19-64.
DeMars, C. J. Jr., & Roettgering, B.H. (1982). Forest and Insect Diseases Leaflet. USDA Forest Service. pp. 1-3. https://www.forestpests.org/acrobat/ fidl1.pdf
Dixon, W.N. (1984). Ips engraver beetles. FDACS, Division pf Forestry. Forest and Shade Tree Pests Leaflet. No. 2. 2p.
Dumlao, A. (2013). DENR OKs felling of 136 dead pine trees in Baguio. The Philippine Star. https:// www.philstar.com/nation/2013/08/15/1094801/ denr-oks-felling-136-dead-pine-trees-baguio
Eusebio, M.A. (1998). Pathology in Forestry Ecosystems. Research and Development Bureau, Department of Environment and Natural Resources. College, Laguna. 502p.
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Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. (2009). Global Review of Forest Pests and Diseases: A Thematic study prepared in the framework of Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005. FAO Paper No. 156. pp
Frank, S., Baker, J. & Bambara, S. (2016). Southern Pine Beetle: Entomology Insect Notes. NC State Extension Publication. https://content. ces.ncsu.edu/southern-pine-beetle
Franklin, J.F., Shugart, H.H., & Harmon, M.E. (1987). Tree Death as an Ecological Process. The causes, consequences, and variability of tree mortality. BioScience 37:8 pp 550-556. https:// andrewsforest.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/ files/lter/pubs/pdf/pub79.pdf
Guerard, N., Dreyer, E., & Lieutier, F. (2000). Interactions between Scots pine, Ips acuminatus (Gyll.) and Ophiostoma brunneo-siliatum (Math.): estimation of the critical thresholds of attack and inoculation densities and effects on hydraulic properties in the stem. Ann. For. Scie. 57:681-690.
Gullan, P.J. & Cranston, P.S. (2014). The Insects: An outline of Entomology. 5th Edition. WileyBlackwell. 624p
HARRDEC. (2003). Benguet Pine Tree Technology Manual. Highland Agriculture and Resources Research and Development Consortium (HARRDEC), Ecosystems Research and Development Services (ERDS), Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) – CAR. Techno-CD Series.
Hain, F.P. (2002). Chapter 6 Sampling and Predicting Population Trends. In: The Southern Pine Beetle. (Ed.) Thatcher, R.C., Searcy J.L., J.E. Coster and G.D. Hertel https://www.barkbeetles.org/ spb/spbbook/Index.cfm
Kirisits, T. (2007). Fungal Associates of European Bark Beetles with special emphasis on The Ophiostomatoid fungi. In: Lieutier F., KR Day, A Battisti, JC Gregoire and HF Evans (Eds.) Bark and Wood Boring Insects in Living Trees in Europe, A synthesis. Springer, Dordrecht.
Lapiz, E.B. (1982). Dioryctria rebella Hamps. and Petrova cristata Wals. Moths infesting young Benguet (Pinus kesiya Royel ex Gordon), Mindoro (P. Merkusii Jungh. and de Vr.) and Caribbean (P. caribaea Royle ex Gordon) pine trees in the Philippines.
Sylvatrop Philippine Forestry Research Journal 7(2): 79-82.
Lapiz, E.B. (1986a). Observation on the seasonal distribution of Ips calligraphus Germar, Baguio City, Philippines. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 11 (1 & 2): 61-68. College. Laguna.
Lapiz, E.B. (1986b). Some ecological studies on the six-spined engraver beetle, Ips calligraphus (Germar), infesting Pinus kesiya (Royle ex Gordon) in the Philippines. UP Los Baños.
Leatherman, D. A., Aguayo, I., & Mehall, T.M. (2011). Colorado State University. Mountain Pine Beetle Fact Sheet No. 5.528
Lee, J.S., Haack, R.A., and Choi, W.I. (2011). Attack pattern of Platypus koryoensis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae) in relation to crown dieback in Mongolian oak in Korea. Environ. Entomol. 40(6):1363-1369; https:// www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/jrnl/2011/nrs_ 2011_ lee-j_001.pdf
Min Lu, Zhou, X.D., De Beer, Z.W., Wingfield, M.J. & Sun, J.-H. (2009). Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with the invasive pine-infesting bark beetle, Dendroctonus valens, in China. Fungal Diversity 38: 133-145.
Moore, G.W., Bond, B.J., Jones, J.A., Phillips, N. & Meinzer, F.C. (2004). Structural and compositional controls on transpiration in 40 and 450-year-old riparian forest in western Oregon, USA. Tree Physiology. Vol 24. pp 481-491 Heron Pub. Victoria, Canada.
Nagpala, A.L. & Balinsoy, A.G. (2016). Fungi associated with pine trees (Pinus kesiya) infested by bark beetles in Camp John Hay In: Terminal Report on Prevention and control of pests and diseases infestation/infection within Camp John Hay Watershed.
Nair, K.S. (2007). Tropical Forest Insect Pests: Ecology, Impact and Management. Cambridge University Press
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). (2007). National Centers for Environmental Information, State of the Climate: El Niño/Southern Oscillation for Annual 2007, published online January 2008, Retrieved on October 11, 2019 from https://www.ncdc. noaa.gov/sotc/enso/ 200713.
Payne, T.L. (2006). Bark and wood boring insects of the world. Bugwood Network in cooperation with USDA Forest Service. Texas Agricultural University of Georgia (TAES #15693). http:// www.barkbeetles.org/spb/spbbook/chapt2.html
Paine, T.D., Raffa, K.F. & Harrington, T.C. (1997). Interactions among Scolytid bark beetles, their associated fungi and live host conifers. Annual Reviews Entomology 42:179-206.
PCARRD. (1995). Pests and Diseases of Forest Plantation Trees in the Philippines: A Guidebook. Book Series No. 154. PCARRD and DENR, Los Baños, Laguna
Rick, R.H. Jr. (2002). Chapter 4: Climatic, Site and Stand Factors. In: Chapter 6 Sampling and Predicting Population Trends. In: The Southern Pine Beetle. (Ed.) Thatcher, R.C., Searcy J.L., J.E. Coster and G.D. Hertel https://www.barkbeetles. org/spb/spbbook/ Index.cfm
Schowalter, T. D. (2012). Ecology and Management of Bark Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae in Southern Pine Forests. Journal of Integrated Pest Management. 3(2): pp1-7 https:// academic.oup.com/jipm/article-abstract/3/2/A1/ 877214
Self, A.B., Floyd, J.D. & Riggins, J.J. (2019). Ips: The Other Pine Bark Beetle. In: Forestry, Forest Pests. Missipi State Extension Service. Publication 2876. http:// extension.msstate.edu /sites/default/files/publications/publications/ P2876_web.pdf
Sun, J., Lu, M., Gillette, N.E., & Wingfield, M.J. (2013). Red Turpentine Beetle: Innocuous Native Becomes Invasive Tree Killer in China. Annual Review of Entomology. 58:293-311. ento. annualreviews.org
Swain, M.S. & Remion, M.C. (2012). Direct Control Methods for the Southern Pine Beetle. Agriculture Handbook No. 575. http://www. sbpinfodirect.ento.vt.edu/Hndbk575/575. html#Introduction.
Taylor, E.L. (2015). Field Guide for the Eastman nature Trail. pp 12. https://texas4-h.tamu.edu/ wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Eastman_ Trailguide.pdf
Thatcher, R.C. & Conner, M.D. (1985). Identification and biology of southern pine bark beetles. USDA Forest Service, Washington D.C. Handbook 634. pp 14.
Thatcher, R.C., Searcy, J.L., Coster, J.E., & Hertel, G.D. (1980). The Southern Pine Beetle. USDA, Expanded Southern Pine Beetle Research and Application Program. Forest Service, Science and Education Administration, Pineville, LA. Technical Bulletin 1631. 265 pp
Villanueva, L.M. & Pascua, M.S. (2016). Plant parasitic nematodes associated with infected pine trees in Camp John Hay In: Terminal Report on Prevention and control of pests and diseases infestation/infection within Camp John Hay Watershed.
Zamora, R.A. & Lapiz, E.B. (1980). Five year national Ips infestation control program. IAGFRA. 110p.
Zamora, R.A. & Lapiz, E.B. (1987). The life history of Ips calligraphus Germar in Benguet Province. Philippine Technology Journal. 1987. 12:2 pp 43-60.
Wilson, F.L. (1977). A Guide to Insect Injury of Conifers in the Lake States. USDA Forest Service Agriculture Handbook No. 501. https://naldc. nal.usda.gov/download/ CAT87208650/PDF
Van Driesche, R.G., LaForset, J.H., Bargeron, C.T., Reardon, R.C. & Herlihy, M. (2013). Forest Pest Insects in North America: A photographic guide. UMASS AMHERST. FHTET 2012-02. 722p. https://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/
pdfs/Forest_Pest_Insects_Photo Guide_508.pdf
Armendariz-Toledo, F. & Zuniga, G. (2017). Illustrated Key to Species of Genus Dendroctonus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) occurring in Mexico and Central America. J Insect Sci. 2017 Mar; 17(2): 34.
Beaver R.A. & Liu, L.Y. (2010). An annotated synopsis of Taiwanese bark and ambrosia beetles, with new synonymy, new combinations and new records (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Zootaxa 2602: 1–47
Berryman, A.A. (1987). The Theory and Classification of Outbreaks. In: Insect outbreaks. Barbosa, P. and J. C. Schultz (Ed.). pp 3-27.
Center for Agriculture and Bioscience International (CABI). (2007). Monochamus alternatus. Crop Protection Compendium. Accessed October 10, 2009 from: http://www.cabi.org/cpc.
Calora, F.J., Parao, M.R., Malamug, J.J.M., Batani, R.S. and Gapasin, M.D. (2012). Benguet State University. 2012. BSU Synthesis Report. Biophysical Characterization and Socio-Economic Profiling in Benguet, Philippines. https://issuu. com/mdgf1656/docs/ bsu_synthesis_report_ final
Chang, R. T., Duong, A., Taerum, S.J., Wingfield, M.J., Zhou, X., and de Beer, Z.W. (2017). Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with coniferinfesting beetles and their phoretic mites in Yunan, China. MycoKeys. 28:19-64.
DeMars, C. J. Jr., & Roettgering, B.H. (1982). Forest and Insect Diseases Leaflet. USDA Forest Service. pp. 1-3. https://www.forestpests.org/acrobat/ fidl1.pdf
Dixon, W.N. (1984). Ips engraver beetles. FDACS, Division pf Forestry. Forest and Shade Tree Pests Leaflet. No. 2. 2p.
Dumlao, A. (2013). DENR OKs felling of 136 dead pine trees in Baguio. The Philippine Star. https:// www.philstar.com/nation/2013/08/15/1094801/ denr-oks-felling-136-dead-pine-trees-baguio
Eusebio, M.A. (1998). Pathology in Forestry Ecosystems. Research and Development Bureau, Department of Environment and Natural Resources. College, Laguna. 502p.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. (1982). Philippine Multiple Use Forestry: Possibilities for control of Ips calligraphus (Germar) in the Philippines. FAO, Manila. Vol. 1. Project Working Paper No.7. ERDB, College, Laguna.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. (2009). Global Review of Forest Pests and Diseases: A Thematic study prepared in the framework of Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005. FAO Paper No. 156. pp
Frank, S., Baker, J. & Bambara, S. (2016). Southern Pine Beetle: Entomology Insect Notes. NC State Extension Publication. https://content. ces.ncsu.edu/southern-pine-beetle
Franklin, J.F., Shugart, H.H., & Harmon, M.E. (1987). Tree Death as an Ecological Process. The causes, consequences, and variability of tree mortality. BioScience 37:8 pp 550-556. https:// andrewsforest.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/ files/lter/pubs/pdf/pub79.pdf
Guerard, N., Dreyer, E., & Lieutier, F. (2000). Interactions between Scots pine, Ips acuminatus (Gyll.) and Ophiostoma brunneo-siliatum (Math.): estimation of the critical thresholds of attack and inoculation densities and effects on hydraulic properties in the stem. Ann. For. Scie. 57:681-690.
Gullan, P.J. & Cranston, P.S. (2014). The Insects: An outline of Entomology. 5th Edition. WileyBlackwell. 624p
HARRDEC. (2003). Benguet Pine Tree Technology Manual. Highland Agriculture and Resources Research and Development Consortium (HARRDEC), Ecosystems Research and Development Services (ERDS), Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) – CAR. Techno-CD Series.
Hain, F.P. (2002). Chapter 6 Sampling and Predicting Population Trends. In: The Southern Pine Beetle. (Ed.) Thatcher, R.C., Searcy J.L., J.E. Coster and G.D. Hertel https://www.barkbeetles.org/ spb/spbbook/Index.cfm
Kirisits, T. (2007). Fungal Associates of European Bark Beetles with special emphasis on The Ophiostomatoid fungi. In: Lieutier F., KR Day, A Battisti, JC Gregoire and HF Evans (Eds.) Bark and Wood Boring Insects in Living Trees in Europe, A synthesis. Springer, Dordrecht.
Lapiz, E.B. (1982). Dioryctria rebella Hamps. and Petrova cristata Wals. Moths infesting young Benguet (Pinus kesiya Royel ex Gordon), Mindoro (P. Merkusii Jungh. and de Vr.) and Caribbean (P. caribaea Royle ex Gordon) pine trees in the Philippines.
Sylvatrop Philippine Forestry Research Journal 7(2): 79-82.
Lapiz, E.B. (1986a). Observation on the seasonal distribution of Ips calligraphus Germar, Baguio City, Philippines. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 11 (1 & 2): 61-68. College. Laguna.
Lapiz, E.B. (1986b). Some ecological studies on the six-spined engraver beetle, Ips calligraphus (Germar), infesting Pinus kesiya (Royle ex Gordon) in the Philippines. UP Los Baños.
Leatherman, D. A., Aguayo, I., & Mehall, T.M. (2011). Colorado State University. Mountain Pine Beetle Fact Sheet No. 5.528
Lee, J.S., Haack, R.A., and Choi, W.I. (2011). Attack pattern of Platypus koryoensis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae) in relation to crown dieback in Mongolian oak in Korea. Environ. Entomol. 40(6):1363-1369; https:// www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/jrnl/2011/nrs_ 2011_ lee-j_001.pdf
Min Lu, Zhou, X.D., De Beer, Z.W., Wingfield, M.J. & Sun, J.-H. (2009). Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with the invasive pine-infesting bark beetle, Dendroctonus valens, in China. Fungal Diversity 38: 133-145.
Moore, G.W., Bond, B.J., Jones, J.A., Phillips, N. & Meinzer, F.C. (2004). Structural and compositional controls on transpiration in 40 and 450-year-old riparian forest in western Oregon, USA. Tree Physiology. Vol 24. pp 481-491 Heron Pub. Victoria, Canada.
Nagpala, A.L. & Balinsoy, A.G. (2016). Fungi associated with pine trees (Pinus kesiya) infested by bark beetles in Camp John Hay In: Terminal Report on Prevention and control of pests and diseases infestation/infection within Camp John Hay Watershed.
Nair, K.S. (2007). Tropical Forest Insect Pests: Ecology, Impact and Management. Cambridge University Press
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). (2007). National Centers for Environmental Information, State of the Climate: El Niño/Southern Oscillation for Annual 2007, published online January 2008, Retrieved on October 11, 2019 from https://www.ncdc. noaa.gov/sotc/enso/ 200713.
Payne, T.L. (2006). Bark and wood boring insects of the world. Bugwood Network in cooperation with USDA Forest Service. Texas Agricultural University of Georgia (TAES #15693). http:// www.barkbeetles.org/spb/spbbook/chapt2.html
Paine, T.D., Raffa, K.F. & Harrington, T.C. (1997). Interactions among Scolytid bark beetles, their associated fungi and live host conifers. Annual Reviews Entomology 42:179-206.
PCARRD. (1995). Pests and Diseases of Forest Plantation Trees in the Philippines: A Guidebook. Book Series No. 154. PCARRD and DENR, Los Baños, Laguna
Rick, R.H. Jr. (2002). Chapter 4: Climatic, Site and Stand Factors. In: Chapter 6 Sampling and Predicting Population Trends. In: The Southern Pine Beetle. (Ed.) Thatcher, R.C., Searcy J.L., J.E. Coster and G.D. Hertel https://www.barkbeetles. org/spb/spbbook/ Index.cfm
Schowalter, T. D. (2012). Ecology and Management of Bark Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae in Southern Pine Forests. Journal of Integrated Pest Management. 3(2): pp1-7 https:// academic.oup.com/jipm/article-abstract/3/2/A1/ 877214
Self, A.B., Floyd, J.D. & Riggins, J.J. (2019). Ips: The Other Pine Bark Beetle. In: Forestry, Forest Pests. Missipi State Extension Service. Publication 2876. http:// extension.msstate.edu /sites/default/files/publications/publications/ P2876_web.pdf
Sun, J., Lu, M., Gillette, N.E., & Wingfield, M.J. (2013). Red Turpentine Beetle: Innocuous Native Becomes Invasive Tree Killer in China. Annual Review of Entomology. 58:293-311. ento. annualreviews.org
Swain, M.S. & Remion, M.C. (2012). Direct Control Methods for the Southern Pine Beetle. Agriculture Handbook No. 575. http://www. sbpinfodirect.ento.vt.edu/Hndbk575/575. html#Introduction.
Taylor, E.L. (2015). Field Guide for the Eastman nature Trail. pp 12. https://texas4-h.tamu.edu/ wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Eastman_ Trailguide.pdf
Thatcher, R.C. & Conner, M.D. (1985). Identification and biology of southern pine bark beetles. USDA Forest Service, Washington D.C. Handbook 634. pp 14.
Thatcher, R.C., Searcy, J.L., Coster, J.E., & Hertel, G.D. (1980). The Southern Pine Beetle. USDA, Expanded Southern Pine Beetle Research and Application Program. Forest Service, Science and Education Administration, Pineville, LA. Technical Bulletin 1631. 265 pp
Villanueva, L.M. & Pascua, M.S. (2016). Plant parasitic nematodes associated with infected pine trees in Camp John Hay In: Terminal Report on Prevention and control of pests and diseases infestation/infection within Camp John Hay Watershed.
Zamora, R.A. & Lapiz, E.B. (1980). Five year national Ips infestation control program. IAGFRA. 110p.
Zamora, R.A. & Lapiz, E.B. (1987). The life history of Ips calligraphus Germar in Benguet Province. Philippine Technology Journal. 1987. 12:2 pp 43-60.
Wilson, F.L. (1977). A Guide to Insect Injury of Conifers in the Lake States. USDA Forest Service Agriculture Handbook No. 501. https://naldc. nal.usda.gov/download/ CAT87208650/PDF
Van Driesche, R.G., LaForset, J.H., Bargeron, C.T., Reardon, R.C. & Herlihy, M. (2013). Forest Pest Insects in North America: A photographic guide. UMASS AMHERST. FHTET 2012-02. 722p. https://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/
pdfs/Forest_Pest_Insects_Photo Guide_508.pdf