Verification on Energy Digestibility in Ground Yellow Corn, Rice Bran, and Copra Expeller Fed to 10kg to 15kg Benguet Native Pigs
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Jun 28, 2024
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Abstract
Digestible and metabolizable energy contents of feed ingredients are important in swine nutrition as they directly influence feed utilization efficiency and growth performance. By accurately measuring these parameters, producers can formulate diets tailored to pigs' energy needs at various growth stages, leading to improved feed efficiency, reduced costs, and minimized environmental impacts. In this study, a digestibility trial was carried out to determine the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in ground yellow corn, rice bran, and copra expeller fed to Benguet native pigs with body weights ranging from 10kg to 15kg (102 to 127 days old) to confirm digestibility values obtained from a previous study. The total fecal collection method following the marker-to-marker approach was employed using chromic oxide as a marker to indicate the start and end of fecal collection. Ground yellow corn had 3,669 DE and 3,522 ME kcal/kg with an apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of 90.17%, whereas, rice bran had 4,364 DE and 4,189 ME kcal/kg with an ATTD of 84.14%. Copra expeller had 4,921 DE and 4,724 ME kcal/kg with an ATTD of 80.78%. The DE and ME values for ground yellow corn and rice bran are close to the values obtained in the previous study verified; however, values for copra expeller are different. These results are important in the establishment of feeding standards for Benguet native pigs weighing 10kg to 15kg.
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References
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Casas, G., & Stein, H. (2017) Gestation sows have greater digestibility of energy in full-fat rice bran and defatted rice bran than growing gilt regardless of level of feed intake. Journal of Animal Science, 95(7): 3136-3134. https://doi.org/10.2527.jas.2017.1585
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Gao, Q., Zhao, F., Dang, F., Zhang, H., & Wang, Y. (2020) Effect of Corn Particle Size on the Particle Size of Intestinal Digesta or Fees and Nutrient Digestibility of Corn-Soy bean Meal Diets for Growing Pigs. Animals: an open access journal from M D P I , 1 0 ( 5 ) , 876. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10050876
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Kim, B.G., Lee, S.A., Park, K.R., & Stein, H.H. (2020). At least 3 days of adaptation are required before ind igestible markers (chromium, titanium, and acid insoluble ash) are stabilized in the ileal digesta of 60-kg pigs, but values for amino acid digestibility are affected by the marker. Journal of Animal Science/ Journal of Animal Science . And ASAS Reference Compendium, 98(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa027
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Le Goff, G., van Milgen, G., & Noblet, J. (2002). Influence of dietary fiber on digestive utiliza tion and rate of passage in growing pigs, finishing pigs and adult sows. Anim. Sci. 74:503515.
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Li, Q., Zang, J., Liu, D., Piao, X., Lai, C., & Li, D. (2014). Prediction Corn Digestible and Metabolizable Energy Content from its Chemical Composition in Growing Pigs. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 5.https://jasbsci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2049-1891-5-11
Li, Y., Li, Z., Liu, H., Noblet, J., Liu, L., Li, D., & Wang, F., & Lai, C. (2018) The net energy content of rice bran, corn germ meal, corn gluten feed, peanut meal and sunflower meal in growing pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. https://www.animbiosci.org/journal/viw.php?doi=10.5713%2Fajas.17.0829
Liu, Z., Zhong, R., Chen, L., Xie, F., Li, K., Liu, L., & Zhang, H. (2020). Effects of collection durations on the determination of energy values and nutrient digestibility of High-Fiber diets in growing pigs by total fecal collection method. Animals ,10(2),228.https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10020228
Loy, D., & Lundy, L. (2019) Nutritional Properties and Feeding Value of Corn and Its Coproducts. Corn, 633–659. 10.1016/b978-0-12-811971-6.000231
Noblet, J., & Jaguelin, J.Y. (2007). Predicting digestibility of organic matter and energy in the growing pig from an in vitro method. Animal 1: 1314–1323
Noblet, J., & Pérez, J.M. (1993). Prediction of digestibility of nutrients and energy values of pig diets from chemical analysis .Journal of Animal Science/Journal of Animal Science and ASAS Reference Compendium, 71(12), 3389–3398. https://doi.org/10.2527/1993.71123389x
National Research Council of the National Academies. (2012). Nutrient Requirements of Swine. p259-260. The National Academies Press, Washington. www.nap.edu.
Philippine Society of Animal Nutritionists. (2010). Feed Reference Standards. 4th ed.
Rojas, O.J., & Stein, H.H. (2015). Effect of reducing the particle size of corn grain on the concentration of digestible and metabolizable energy and the digestibility of energy and nutrient in corn grain-fed growing pigs. Livestock Science, 181,187-193. 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.09.013
Santiago, R.C. (2018) Native pig raising. Agriculture magazine. Portal of the Department of Agriculture. da.gov.ph
Sauer, C.W., & Ozimek, L. (1986). Digestibility of Amino Acid in Swine: Results of their Practical Application. Livestock Production Science. Science Direct. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-6226(86)90076-X
Stein, H.H. (2017) Procedures for determining digestibility of amino acids, lipids, starch, fiber, phosphorus, and calcium in feed ingredients fed to pigs. Csiro Publishing.Animal Production Science 57(11) 2317-2324. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN17343
Stein, H.H., Casas, G., Abelilla, J., Liu, Y., & Sulabo, R. (2015) Nutritional value of high fiber co- products from the copra, palm kernel, and rice industries in diets fed to pigs. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 6:56. 10.1186/s40104015-0056
Sulabo, R.C., Ju, W.S., & Stein, H.H. Amino acid digestibility and concentration of digestible and metabolizable energy in copra meal, palm kernel expellers, and palm kernel meal fed to growing pigs. J Anim Sci., 91(3): 1391-9. 10.2527/jas.20125281.
Villanueva, J.O. (2021). Requirement for Metabolizable of Philippine Black Tiaong native pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) from 20 to 40kg. Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology, 9: 38-47. file:///C:/Users/admin/Downloads/ 34Article%20Text-565-1-1020210929.
Widmer, M.R., Mcginnis, L.M., & Stein, H.H. (2007). Energy, phosphorus, and amino acid digestibility of high fiber-protein distillers dried grains and corn germ fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci, 85, 2994-3003.
Wondra, K.J., Hancock, G.D., Kennedy, G.A, Hines, R.H., & Behnke, K.C. (1995). Reducing the particle size of corn in lactation diets from 1,200 to 400 micrometers improves sow and litter performance. Journal of Animal Science, 73(2): 421–426. https://doi.org/10.2527/1995.7324
Association of Official Analytical Chemists International. (2007). Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. 18th ed Rev 2. Hortwitz W, Latimer Jr. GW, editors. Gaithersburg (MD): AOAC International.
Bondoc, O.L., Dominguez, M.D.D., Vega R.S.A., Sandoval R.F., & Santiago, R.C. (2017). Farrowing and weaning performance of Black Tiaong and Kalinga native pigs at a conservation farm Philippines. Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 42(1): 22-32. https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=11466
Borin, K., Lindberg. J., & Ogle, R. (2005). Effect of variety and preservation method of cassava leaves on diet digestibility by indigenous and improved pigs. Animal Science, 80(3), 319-324. doi:10.1079/ASC41560319
Casas, G., & Stein, H. (2017) Gestation sows have greater digestibility of energy in full-fat rice bran and defatted rice bran than growing gilt regardless of level of feed intake. Journal of Animal Science, 95(7): 3136-3134. https://doi.org/10.2527.jas.2017.1585
Cheng, P., Wang, Y., Liang, J., Wu, Y., Wright, A.D.G., & Liao, X. (2018). Exploratory analysis of the microbiological potential for efficient utilization of fiber between lantang and duroc pigs. Frotiers in Microbiology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389fmicb.2018.01342
BMT. (n.d). Copra Expeller Cargo Handbook the world's largest cargo transport guidelines website. Copra expeller. https://www.cargohandbook.com/Copra_Expeller
Dung, N.N.X., Manh, L.H., & Udén, P. (2002). Tropical fibre sources for pigs-digestibilty, digesta retention and estimation of fibre digestibility in vitro. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 102(1–4), 109–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0377-8401(02)00253-5
Garcia, M.A.D. (2019) Nutrient digestibility and requirements for calcium and standardized total tract digestible phosphorus in growing Philippine native pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus Erxleben 1777). PhD Diss. University of the Philippines Los Baños Laguna.
Garcia, M.A.D. (2020). Narrative report on the concentration of digestible energy in yellow corn, rice bran and copra expeller fed 10-15kg Philippine native pigs (Benguet Strain).
Gao, Q., Zhao, F., Dang, F., Zhang, H., & Wang, Y. (2020) Effect of Corn Particle Size on the Particle Size of Intestinal Digesta or Fees and Nutrient Digestibility of Corn-Soy bean Meal Diets for Growing Pigs. Animals: an open access journal from M D P I , 1 0 ( 5 ) , 876. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10050876
Holden, P.J., Shurson, G.C., Ewan, R.C. (2010). Dietary energy for swine. [2019 September 23] https://articles.extension.org.
Jorgensen, H., Zhao, X., Eggum, B.O., & Zhao, X.Q. (1996) The influence of dietary fiber and environment temperature on the devlopment of the gastrointestinal tract, digestibility, degree of fermentation in the hind-gut and energy metabolism in pigs. British Journal of Nutrition. https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/ao
Kil, D.Y., Ji J.S., Park. J.S., Stein, & H.H. (2013). Fecal marker retention times and apparent ileal digestibility of energy and nutrients in ingredients fed to growing pigs. AsianAustralasian J. Anim. Sci. 26:120–127.
Kim, B.G., Lee, S.A., Park, K.R., & Stein, H.H. (2020). At least 3 days of adaptation are required before ind igestible markers (chromium, titanium, and acid insoluble ash) are stabilized in the ileal digesta of 60-kg pigs, but values for amino acid digestibility are affected by the marker. Journal of Animal Science/ Journal of Animal Science . And ASAS Reference Compendium, 98(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa027
Kim, I.H., Hancock, J.W., Hong, J.W., Cabrera, M.R., Hines, R.H., & Behnke, K.C. (2002). Corn partiles size affects nutritional value of simple and complex diet for nursery pigs and broiler chickens. Animal Breeding and Genetics. AsianAustralasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 15(6): 872-877. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2002.872
Le Goff, G., van Milgen, G., & Noblet, J. (2002). Influence of dietary fiber on digestive utiliza tion and rate of passage in growing pigs, finishing pigs and adult sows. Anim. Sci. 74:503515.
Livestock Research Division. (2016). Philippine Pork to the World. DOST-PCAARRD. http://www.pcaarrd.dost.gov.ph/home/portal/index.php/quick-information-dispatch/268 philippine-pork-to-the-world#:~:text=Swine%20production%20plays%20a%20major,animal%20meat%20consumption%20of%20Filipinos.
Li, Q., Zang, J., Liu, D., Piao, X., Lai, C., & Li, D. (2014). Prediction Corn Digestible and Metabolizable Energy Content from its Chemical Composition in Growing Pigs. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 5.https://jasbsci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2049-1891-5-11
Li, Y., Li, Z., Liu, H., Noblet, J., Liu, L., Li, D., & Wang, F., & Lai, C. (2018) The net energy content of rice bran, corn germ meal, corn gluten feed, peanut meal and sunflower meal in growing pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. https://www.animbiosci.org/journal/viw.php?doi=10.5713%2Fajas.17.0829
Liu, Z., Zhong, R., Chen, L., Xie, F., Li, K., Liu, L., & Zhang, H. (2020). Effects of collection durations on the determination of energy values and nutrient digestibility of High-Fiber diets in growing pigs by total fecal collection method. Animals ,10(2),228.https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10020228
Loy, D., & Lundy, L. (2019) Nutritional Properties and Feeding Value of Corn and Its Coproducts. Corn, 633–659. 10.1016/b978-0-12-811971-6.000231
Noblet, J., & Jaguelin, J.Y. (2007). Predicting digestibility of organic matter and energy in the growing pig from an in vitro method. Animal 1: 1314–1323
Noblet, J., & Pérez, J.M. (1993). Prediction of digestibility of nutrients and energy values of pig diets from chemical analysis .Journal of Animal Science/Journal of Animal Science and ASAS Reference Compendium, 71(12), 3389–3398. https://doi.org/10.2527/1993.71123389x
National Research Council of the National Academies. (2012). Nutrient Requirements of Swine. p259-260. The National Academies Press, Washington. www.nap.edu.
Philippine Society of Animal Nutritionists. (2010). Feed Reference Standards. 4th ed.
Rojas, O.J., & Stein, H.H. (2015). Effect of reducing the particle size of corn grain on the concentration of digestible and metabolizable energy and the digestibility of energy and nutrient in corn grain-fed growing pigs. Livestock Science, 181,187-193. 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.09.013
Santiago, R.C. (2018) Native pig raising. Agriculture magazine. Portal of the Department of Agriculture. da.gov.ph
Sauer, C.W., & Ozimek, L. (1986). Digestibility of Amino Acid in Swine: Results of their Practical Application. Livestock Production Science. Science Direct. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-6226(86)90076-X
Stein, H.H. (2017) Procedures for determining digestibility of amino acids, lipids, starch, fiber, phosphorus, and calcium in feed ingredients fed to pigs. Csiro Publishing.Animal Production Science 57(11) 2317-2324. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN17343
Stein, H.H., Casas, G., Abelilla, J., Liu, Y., & Sulabo, R. (2015) Nutritional value of high fiber co- products from the copra, palm kernel, and rice industries in diets fed to pigs. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 6:56. 10.1186/s40104015-0056
Sulabo, R.C., Ju, W.S., & Stein, H.H. Amino acid digestibility and concentration of digestible and metabolizable energy in copra meal, palm kernel expellers, and palm kernel meal fed to growing pigs. J Anim Sci., 91(3): 1391-9. 10.2527/jas.20125281.
Villanueva, J.O. (2021). Requirement for Metabolizable of Philippine Black Tiaong native pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) from 20 to 40kg. Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology, 9: 38-47. file:///C:/Users/admin/Downloads/ 34Article%20Text-565-1-1020210929.
Widmer, M.R., Mcginnis, L.M., & Stein, H.H. (2007). Energy, phosphorus, and amino acid digestibility of high fiber-protein distillers dried grains and corn germ fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci, 85, 2994-3003.
Wondra, K.J., Hancock, G.D., Kennedy, G.A, Hines, R.H., & Behnke, K.C. (1995). Reducing the particle size of corn in lactation diets from 1,200 to 400 micrometers improves sow and litter performance. Journal of Animal Science, 73(2): 421–426. https://doi.org/10.2527/1995.7324