Working Relationship Practices Between Administrators and Teachers: Effects on Teachers’ Job Performance
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Jun 30, 2023
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Abstract
The study determined the degree of working relation practices between administrators and teachers in public high schools in Buguias, Benguet, and its effects on teachers’ job performance as perceived by teachers. The study used descriptive and correlative research methods. Findings revealed that the degree of working relation practices between administrators and teachers in public high schools in Buguias is always evident as indicated in their work and time management. Furthermore, a satisfactory principal-teacher working relationship is the foremost working relationship practice that always contributes to the performance of teachers. The findings also showed that the most effective leadership style of administrators that contributes to the working relationship practices with teachers is ethical behavior. Moreover, the results illustrate that the perceived extent of the effect of the leadership styles of administrators on the working relationship practices between administrators and teachers came out to be very effective.
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References
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Ahmad, S., Batool, A., & Choudhry, A.H. (2019). Path relationship of time management and academic achievement of students in distance learning institutions. Pakistan Journal of Distance and Online Learning, 5(2), 191-208.
Ahmad, I. ., Said, H. ., Zeb, A. ., Sihatullah, & Rehman, K. ur. (2013). Effects of Professional Attitude of Teachers on their Teaching Performance: Case of Government Secondary School Teachers in Malakand Region, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 3(1), 25. https://www.richtmann.org/journal/index.php/jesr/article/view/12094
Aksu, A. & Orcan, A. (2015). The opinions of high school principals about their school’s reputation. Educational Research and Reviews, 10(4): 423-434. D1E8AB250488.
Almeida, P.A., Martinho, M., & Cabrita, I. (2014). Evaluating the impact of restructuring secondary education in East Timor. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 141, 665-669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.05.116
Al-Jeraisy, K. (2008). Time management from islamic and administrative perspective. (1st ed.). Riyadh: Al Jeraisy Establishment.
Alvarez, R. (2008). The relationship of teacher quality and student achievement in elementary schools from the New York City. TUI University, College of Education, Cypress California.
Anjorin, R.A., & Jansari, A. (2018). Managing cultural diversity at workplace. Jonkoping University. Jonkoping International Business School.
Anwar, B., Xiao, Z., Fiaz, M., Ikram, A., & Younas, M. (2017). Are Leaders’ Personality Traits Imperative For Employees’ Job Performance? The Context Of An Emerging Economy. Journal of Applied Business Research, 33(5): 1013–1022. https://doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v33i5.10023
Aydin, A., Sarier, Y., & Uysal, S. (2013). The effect of school principal’s leadership styles on teachers’ organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 13(2): 806-811.
Bargau, M.A. (2015). Leadership Versus Management. Romainan Economic and Business Review, 10(2): 181-188.
Bellibas, M.S., & Gumus, E. (2016). Teachers’ perceptions of the quantity and quality of professional development activities in Turkey. Cogent Education, 3(1).
Bergstrom, E.J. (2012). A comparison of the leadership competencies of leaders in manufacturing, hospitals, and community banking industries in the State of Pennsylvania. [Unpublished Theses]. Pennsylvania State University.
Betweli, O. (2012). The nature of teacher professional misconduct in Tanzanian Public Primary schools: The Case of Sumbawanga Municipal and Rural Districts. International Journal of Education, 5(1).
Brien, O.P. (2014). Why strong employeeemployer relationship is important and how to achieve this? B2C: Business community. https://www.business2community.com/strategy/strongemployeeemployerrelationship-importantachieve-0876781.
Chithra, N. (2018). Employee’s work attitude Sulekha Organization. Shanlax International Journal of Commerce, 6(1): 54-64.
Chowdhury, M.S. (2015). Managing cultural diversity in workplace. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Review, 2(2).
Coakley, J. (2007): Sports in society: Issues and controversies (9th ed.). NewYork: McGraw-Hill.
Consulting, R.B. (2010). Managing cultural diversity training program resource manual. Australian Multicultural Foundation Publishers.
Cordeiro, P.A. & Cunningham, W.G. (2003). Educational leadership: a problem-based approach. (3rd ed). New York: Pearson Education, Inc.
Courville, K. (2011). Technology and its use in education: present roles and future prospects. Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
Cyril, V.A. (2014). Time management and academic achievement of higher secondary students. Journal on School Educational Technology, 101(3): 38-43.
Das, A.C. & Mondal, N. (2013). Overview of Curriculum change: a brief discussion. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 7(3).
Domerez, W.F.D. (2005). Administrators and teachers working practices: their effects on the performance of teachers in the top ten public high schools in the division of Benguet. [Unpublished Master’s Thesis]. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Easterlin, N. (2012). A biocultural approach to literary theory and interpretation. The John Hopkins University Press.
El-Said, O. A. & Shaaban, M.A. (2014). Impacts of workplace relationships on employees' perceptions of productive work environment in hotels. EuroCHRIE Dubai Conference Proceedings. The Emirates Academy of Hospitality Management, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
Fowler, J.H. & Christakis, N.A. (2009). Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart Study. British Medical Journal, 337, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a2338.
Gestwicki, C. (2016). Home, school, and community relations. Thomson Delmar Learning, Inc.
Ghani, N.M.A., Yunus, N.S.N.M., & Bahry, N.S. (2016). Leader’s personality traits and employees job performance in public sector, Putrajaya. Procedia Economics and Finance, 37, 46-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(16)30091-0
Gontkovičová, B., & Spišáková, E.D. (2015). The necessity of employee education. Modern Management Review, 20(22): 131-141.
Gray, P.S. (2013). Factors that impact administratorteacher relationships. [Unpublished Doctoral dissertation]. University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg. https://aquila.usm.edu/cgi/view content.cgi?referer=https:/www.google.ca/&httpsredir=1&article=1112&context=dissertations
Green, L., & Olsson, E. (2006). Leadership effectiveness. Vaxjo University.
Gross, J.M., Haines, S.J., Hill, C., Francis, G.L., BlueBanning, M., & Turnbull, A.P. (2015). Strong school–community partnerships in inclusive schools are “part of the fabric of the school, we count on them. School Community Journal, 25(2).
Halsal, A. (2014). The essentials of a healthy employer-employee relationship. TLNT: Talent Management HR. https://www.tlnt.com/the-essentials-of-a-healthy-employer-employeerelationship/
Hao, M.J., & Yazdanifard, R. (2015). How effective leadership can facilitate change in organizations through improvement and innovation. Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 25(9).
Herman, I.R. (2020). Exploratory Study on Teacher’s Personal Development Needs. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences.
Holt-Lunstad, J., & Smith, T.B. (2012). Social relationships and mortality. Social & Personality Psychology Compass, 6, 41-53.
Hooda, M. (2017). Determinants of teacher enthusiasm. International Journal of Research in Engineering, IT Social Sciences, 7(8).
Jamon, B.E.V. (2017). School administrators’ leadership styles, attributes and functions towards education progression-driven era. [Unpublished Doctoral dissertation]. Cebu technological University, Main Campus, Palma Street, Cebu City Philippines. https://www.academia.edu/32468973/SCHOOL_ADMINISTRATORS_LEADERSHIP_STYLES_ATTRIBUTES_AND_FUNCTIONS_TOWARDS_EDUCATION_PROGRES SION_DRIVEN_ERA
Jordan, J., Brown, M.E., Trevino, L.K., & Finkelstein, S. (2013). Someone to look up to: executive-follower ethical reasoning and perceptions of ethical leadership. Journal of Management, 39(3).
Kasika, B.D. (2015). The effect of educational qualification on job performance: The case of Social Security Commission in Namibia (SSC). [Unpublished Masters Theses]. University of Namibia.
Klein, A. (2016). The Every Student Success Act: An ESSA overview. Education Week. https://www. edweek.org/ew/issues/every-student-succeedsact/.
Lu, C.S., & Lin, C.C. (2014). The effects of ethical leadership and ethical climate on employee ethical behavior in the international port context. Journal of Business Ethics, 124, 209-223.
Madanchian, M., Hussein, N., Nordin, F., & Taherdoost, H. (2017). Leadership effectiveness measurement and its effect on organization outcomes. Procedia Engineering, 181, 1043-1048.
Malik, S., Awais, M., Timsal, A., & Qureshi, H. (2016). Impact of ethical leadership on employees’ performance: moderating role of organizational values. International Review of Management and Marketing, 6, 590-595.
Mandukwini, N. (2016). Challenge towards curriculum implementation. [Unpublished Master Theses]. University of South Africa.
Mizell, H. (2010). Why professional development matters. Learning Forward.
Nasi, G. (2011). Public personnel policies: impact on government performance. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 13(1).
Notar, C.E., Uline, C.S., & Eady, C.K. (2008). What makes an “effective” leader: the application of leadership. International Education Studies, 1(3).
Obicci, P.A. (2015). Effects of ethical leadership on employee performance in uganda. Net Journal of business Management, 3(1): 1-12.
Omolora, S.R., & Adebukola, O.R. (2015). Teachers’ attitudes: a great influence on teaching and learning of social studies. Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization, 42.
Osmani, F., & Maliqi, G. (2012). Performance management, its assessment and importance. Procedia-Social and Behavioural Sciences, 41, 434-441.
Özdemir, S., Sezgin, F., & Kilic, D.O. (2015). School administrators' leadership competencies according to the views of school administrators and teachers. Education and Science, 40(177).
Papaioannou, A., & Christodoulidis, T. (2007). A measure of teachers’ achievement goals. Educational Psychology, 27(3): 349-361.
Patricia, O. (2015). Improving Interpersonal Relationship in Workplaces. IOSR Journal of research & method in education, 5(6).
Perry, J., Mesch, D., & Paarlberg, L. (2006). Motivating employees in a new governance era: the performance paradigm revisited. Public Administration Review, 66(4): 505-514.
Podsiadlowski, A., Groschke, D. Kogler, M., Springer, C., & van der Zee, K. (2013). Managing a culturally diverse workforce: diversity perspectives in organizations. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37(2): 159-175.
Reich, T.C., & Hershcovis, M.S. (2011). Interpersonal relationships at work. University of Manitoba. Asper School of Business.
Rennekamp, R.A., & Nall, M. (2006). Professional growth: a guide for professional development. University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service.
Rubaii-Barrett, N. (2007). Human resource management as a core dimension of public administration, Foundations of Public Administration Review. http://www.aspanet.org.
Sagir, M., Dos, I., & Cetin, R.B. (2014). Identifying school reputation. International J. Soc. Sci & Education, 5(1).
Schreiner, E. (2009). What is the employer-employee relationship? https//www.smallbusiness.chron.com/employer-employee-relationship-16737
Tiwari, N. (2013). Managing human resources in international organizations. Global Journal of Management and Business Studies, 3(4).
Trel’ova’, S., & Olsavsky, F. (2016). The impact of education on employees productivity and job satisfaction. Proceedings of ICERI2016 Conference. Seville, Spain.
Turner, A. (2014). Elementary teachers' achievement goal orientations in a high-stakes accountability context: a validation study. [Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation]. Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.
Uchino, B.N., Kent de Grey, R.G., & Cronan, S. (2016). The quality of social networks predicts age-related changes in cardiovascular reactivity to stress. Psychology and Aging, 31(4): 321-326.
Venkatarami, V., Labianca, G., & Grosser, T.J. (2013). Positive and negative workplace relationships, social satisfaction, and organizational attachment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(3). 10.1037/a0034090
White, M., & Bryson, A. (2013). Positive employee attitudes: how much human resource management do you need? Human Relations, 66(3): 385-406.
Williamson, R. (2011). The importance of the school principal. Education Partnerships Inc. Eastern Michigan University.
Wong, A. (2016). Student Satisfaction and School Reputation: The Moderating Role of Student Loyalty and School Image. Journal of Marketing and HR, 2( 1).
Yağcı, E., & Uluöz, T. (2017). Leadership styles of school administrators and its relation with the mobbing experience levels of social, science and mathematics teachers. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and technology Education, 14(1): 155-166.
Young, R. (2008). Using technology tools in the public school classroom. University of Wisconsinstout.
Ahmad, S., Batool, A., & Choudhry, A.H. (2019). Path relationship of time management and academic achievement of students in distance learning institutions. Pakistan Journal of Distance and Online Learning, 5(2), 191-208.
Ahmad, I. ., Said, H. ., Zeb, A. ., Sihatullah, & Rehman, K. ur. (2013). Effects of Professional Attitude of Teachers on their Teaching Performance: Case of Government Secondary School Teachers in Malakand Region, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 3(1), 25. https://www.richtmann.org/journal/index.php/jesr/article/view/12094
Aksu, A. & Orcan, A. (2015). The opinions of high school principals about their school’s reputation. Educational Research and Reviews, 10(4): 423-434. D1E8AB250488.
Almeida, P.A., Martinho, M., & Cabrita, I. (2014). Evaluating the impact of restructuring secondary education in East Timor. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 141, 665-669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.05.116
Al-Jeraisy, K. (2008). Time management from islamic and administrative perspective. (1st ed.). Riyadh: Al Jeraisy Establishment.
Alvarez, R. (2008). The relationship of teacher quality and student achievement in elementary schools from the New York City. TUI University, College of Education, Cypress California.
Anjorin, R.A., & Jansari, A. (2018). Managing cultural diversity at workplace. Jonkoping University. Jonkoping International Business School.
Anwar, B., Xiao, Z., Fiaz, M., Ikram, A., & Younas, M. (2017). Are Leaders’ Personality Traits Imperative For Employees’ Job Performance? The Context Of An Emerging Economy. Journal of Applied Business Research, 33(5): 1013–1022. https://doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v33i5.10023
Aydin, A., Sarier, Y., & Uysal, S. (2013). The effect of school principal’s leadership styles on teachers’ organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 13(2): 806-811.
Bargau, M.A. (2015). Leadership Versus Management. Romainan Economic and Business Review, 10(2): 181-188.
Bellibas, M.S., & Gumus, E. (2016). Teachers’ perceptions of the quantity and quality of professional development activities in Turkey. Cogent Education, 3(1).
Bergstrom, E.J. (2012). A comparison of the leadership competencies of leaders in manufacturing, hospitals, and community banking industries in the State of Pennsylvania. [Unpublished Theses]. Pennsylvania State University.
Betweli, O. (2012). The nature of teacher professional misconduct in Tanzanian Public Primary schools: The Case of Sumbawanga Municipal and Rural Districts. International Journal of Education, 5(1).
Brien, O.P. (2014). Why strong employeeemployer relationship is important and how to achieve this? B2C: Business community. https://www.business2community.com/strategy/strongemployeeemployerrelationship-importantachieve-0876781.
Chithra, N. (2018). Employee’s work attitude Sulekha Organization. Shanlax International Journal of Commerce, 6(1): 54-64.
Chowdhury, M.S. (2015). Managing cultural diversity in workplace. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Review, 2(2).
Coakley, J. (2007): Sports in society: Issues and controversies (9th ed.). NewYork: McGraw-Hill.
Consulting, R.B. (2010). Managing cultural diversity training program resource manual. Australian Multicultural Foundation Publishers.
Cordeiro, P.A. & Cunningham, W.G. (2003). Educational leadership: a problem-based approach. (3rd ed). New York: Pearson Education, Inc.
Courville, K. (2011). Technology and its use in education: present roles and future prospects. Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
Cyril, V.A. (2014). Time management and academic achievement of higher secondary students. Journal on School Educational Technology, 101(3): 38-43.
Das, A.C. & Mondal, N. (2013). Overview of Curriculum change: a brief discussion. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 7(3).
Domerez, W.F.D. (2005). Administrators and teachers working practices: their effects on the performance of teachers in the top ten public high schools in the division of Benguet. [Unpublished Master’s Thesis]. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Easterlin, N. (2012). A biocultural approach to literary theory and interpretation. The John Hopkins University Press.
El-Said, O. A. & Shaaban, M.A. (2014). Impacts of workplace relationships on employees' perceptions of productive work environment in hotels. EuroCHRIE Dubai Conference Proceedings. The Emirates Academy of Hospitality Management, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
Fowler, J.H. & Christakis, N.A. (2009). Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart Study. British Medical Journal, 337, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a2338.
Gestwicki, C. (2016). Home, school, and community relations. Thomson Delmar Learning, Inc.
Ghani, N.M.A., Yunus, N.S.N.M., & Bahry, N.S. (2016). Leader’s personality traits and employees job performance in public sector, Putrajaya. Procedia Economics and Finance, 37, 46-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(16)30091-0
Gontkovičová, B., & Spišáková, E.D. (2015). The necessity of employee education. Modern Management Review, 20(22): 131-141.
Gray, P.S. (2013). Factors that impact administratorteacher relationships. [Unpublished Doctoral dissertation]. University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg. https://aquila.usm.edu/cgi/view content.cgi?referer=https:/www.google.ca/&httpsredir=1&article=1112&context=dissertations
Green, L., & Olsson, E. (2006). Leadership effectiveness. Vaxjo University.
Gross, J.M., Haines, S.J., Hill, C., Francis, G.L., BlueBanning, M., & Turnbull, A.P. (2015). Strong school–community partnerships in inclusive schools are “part of the fabric of the school, we count on them. School Community Journal, 25(2).
Halsal, A. (2014). The essentials of a healthy employer-employee relationship. TLNT: Talent Management HR. https://www.tlnt.com/the-essentials-of-a-healthy-employer-employeerelationship/
Hao, M.J., & Yazdanifard, R. (2015). How effective leadership can facilitate change in organizations through improvement and innovation. Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 25(9).
Herman, I.R. (2020). Exploratory Study on Teacher’s Personal Development Needs. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences.
Holt-Lunstad, J., & Smith, T.B. (2012). Social relationships and mortality. Social & Personality Psychology Compass, 6, 41-53.
Hooda, M. (2017). Determinants of teacher enthusiasm. International Journal of Research in Engineering, IT Social Sciences, 7(8).
Jamon, B.E.V. (2017). School administrators’ leadership styles, attributes and functions towards education progression-driven era. [Unpublished Doctoral dissertation]. Cebu technological University, Main Campus, Palma Street, Cebu City Philippines. https://www.academia.edu/32468973/SCHOOL_ADMINISTRATORS_LEADERSHIP_STYLES_ATTRIBUTES_AND_FUNCTIONS_TOWARDS_EDUCATION_PROGRES SION_DRIVEN_ERA
Jordan, J., Brown, M.E., Trevino, L.K., & Finkelstein, S. (2013). Someone to look up to: executive-follower ethical reasoning and perceptions of ethical leadership. Journal of Management, 39(3).
Kasika, B.D. (2015). The effect of educational qualification on job performance: The case of Social Security Commission in Namibia (SSC). [Unpublished Masters Theses]. University of Namibia.
Klein, A. (2016). The Every Student Success Act: An ESSA overview. Education Week. https://www. edweek.org/ew/issues/every-student-succeedsact/.
Lu, C.S., & Lin, C.C. (2014). The effects of ethical leadership and ethical climate on employee ethical behavior in the international port context. Journal of Business Ethics, 124, 209-223.
Madanchian, M., Hussein, N., Nordin, F., & Taherdoost, H. (2017). Leadership effectiveness measurement and its effect on organization outcomes. Procedia Engineering, 181, 1043-1048.
Malik, S., Awais, M., Timsal, A., & Qureshi, H. (2016). Impact of ethical leadership on employees’ performance: moderating role of organizational values. International Review of Management and Marketing, 6, 590-595.
Mandukwini, N. (2016). Challenge towards curriculum implementation. [Unpublished Master Theses]. University of South Africa.
Mizell, H. (2010). Why professional development matters. Learning Forward.
Nasi, G. (2011). Public personnel policies: impact on government performance. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 13(1).
Notar, C.E., Uline, C.S., & Eady, C.K. (2008). What makes an “effective” leader: the application of leadership. International Education Studies, 1(3).
Obicci, P.A. (2015). Effects of ethical leadership on employee performance in uganda. Net Journal of business Management, 3(1): 1-12.
Omolora, S.R., & Adebukola, O.R. (2015). Teachers’ attitudes: a great influence on teaching and learning of social studies. Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization, 42.
Osmani, F., & Maliqi, G. (2012). Performance management, its assessment and importance. Procedia-Social and Behavioural Sciences, 41, 434-441.
Özdemir, S., Sezgin, F., & Kilic, D.O. (2015). School administrators' leadership competencies according to the views of school administrators and teachers. Education and Science, 40(177).
Papaioannou, A., & Christodoulidis, T. (2007). A measure of teachers’ achievement goals. Educational Psychology, 27(3): 349-361.
Patricia, O. (2015). Improving Interpersonal Relationship in Workplaces. IOSR Journal of research & method in education, 5(6).
Perry, J., Mesch, D., & Paarlberg, L. (2006). Motivating employees in a new governance era: the performance paradigm revisited. Public Administration Review, 66(4): 505-514.
Podsiadlowski, A., Groschke, D. Kogler, M., Springer, C., & van der Zee, K. (2013). Managing a culturally diverse workforce: diversity perspectives in organizations. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37(2): 159-175.
Reich, T.C., & Hershcovis, M.S. (2011). Interpersonal relationships at work. University of Manitoba. Asper School of Business.
Rennekamp, R.A., & Nall, M. (2006). Professional growth: a guide for professional development. University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service.
Rubaii-Barrett, N. (2007). Human resource management as a core dimension of public administration, Foundations of Public Administration Review. http://www.aspanet.org.
Sagir, M., Dos, I., & Cetin, R.B. (2014). Identifying school reputation. International J. Soc. Sci & Education, 5(1).
Schreiner, E. (2009). What is the employer-employee relationship? https//www.smallbusiness.chron.com/employer-employee-relationship-16737
Tiwari, N. (2013). Managing human resources in international organizations. Global Journal of Management and Business Studies, 3(4).
Trel’ova’, S., & Olsavsky, F. (2016). The impact of education on employees productivity and job satisfaction. Proceedings of ICERI2016 Conference. Seville, Spain.
Turner, A. (2014). Elementary teachers' achievement goal orientations in a high-stakes accountability context: a validation study. [Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation]. Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.
Uchino, B.N., Kent de Grey, R.G., & Cronan, S. (2016). The quality of social networks predicts age-related changes in cardiovascular reactivity to stress. Psychology and Aging, 31(4): 321-326.
Venkatarami, V., Labianca, G., & Grosser, T.J. (2013). Positive and negative workplace relationships, social satisfaction, and organizational attachment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(3). 10.1037/a0034090
White, M., & Bryson, A. (2013). Positive employee attitudes: how much human resource management do you need? Human Relations, 66(3): 385-406.
Williamson, R. (2011). The importance of the school principal. Education Partnerships Inc. Eastern Michigan University.
Wong, A. (2016). Student Satisfaction and School Reputation: The Moderating Role of Student Loyalty and School Image. Journal of Marketing and HR, 2( 1).
Yağcı, E., & Uluöz, T. (2017). Leadership styles of school administrators and its relation with the mobbing experience levels of social, science and mathematics teachers. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and technology Education, 14(1): 155-166.
Young, R. (2008). Using technology tools in the public school classroom. University of Wisconsinstout.