Stress, Anxiety, Depression Levels and Coping Mechanisms of Students and Teachers: A School-based Population Survey
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Jan 30, 2023
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Abstract
This research looked into the COVID-19 pandemic's impact on the mental health of educational stakeholders of a higher education community in the Cordillera for the school year 20202021. It specifically investigated the experience of stress, anxiety, and depression among 129 teachers and 919 students through a population-based online survey with open-ended questions. Findings revealed that teachers and students experienced more negative emotions during the first six months of the pandemic (31% of teachers; 47% of students), which decreased over the ensuing six months (21% of teachers; 40% of students). Health concerns (82%), dealing with students (78%), and designing the delivery of learning materials in the new normal (76%) emerged as the top stressors for teachers. Academic difficulties (89%), boredom and lack of routine (70%), and lack of finances (67%) are the top stressors for students. For anxiety symptoms, panic attacks (47% of teachers, 43% of students) and feelings of agitation (37% of teachers, 31% of students) were high. For depression symptoms, thoughts about death are high for teachers (64%) and students (59%). For their coping mechanism, 70% to 82% of teachers turned to their family and friends, while 55% to 72% of students turned to gadget use, internet surfing, and sleep. The new normal of doing things brought a source of stress for both teachers and students.
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References
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Cauberghe, V., Wesenbeeck, I.V., De Jans, S., Hudders, L., & Ponnet, K. (2021). How adolescents use social media to cope with feelings of loneliness and anxiety during COVID-19 lockdown. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 24(4). https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0478
Cavalera C. (2020). COVID-19 psychological implications: The role of shame and guilt. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 571828.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.571828
Çevik, G., & Yıldız, N. (2017). The Role of perceived social support and coping styles in predicting adolescents' positivity. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 5(5): 723-732. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2017.050504
Collado, Z., Landagan, M., Villareal, M., Rescober, A., Baral, G., Pantaleta, F., Banaria, D., & Cortez, C. (2022). Embracing the “New Normal”: Exploring readiness among Filipino students to engage in virtual classes. Learning: Research and Practice, 8(1): 59-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/23735082.2022.2032288
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Cordero, D.A. (2022). Down but never out! Narratives on mental health challenges of selected college students during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines: God, self, anxiety, and depression. Journal of Religion and Health, 61: 618–643. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-02101476-3
Delgado-Gallegos, J., Padilla-Rivas, G.R. , ZunigaViolante E., Aviles-Rodriguez, G., Arellanos-Soto, D., Franco-Villareal, H., Cosio-Leon M.D., RomoCardenas, G.S., & Francisco-Islas, J. (2021). Teaching anxiety, stress and resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evaluating the vulnerability of academic professionals in Mexico through the adapted COVID-19 stress scales. Frontier Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.669057
de Miguel, C., Domènech-Abella, J., Felez Nobrega, M., Cristóbal-Narváez, P., Mortier, P., Vilagut, G., Alonso, J., Olaya, B., & Haro, J.M. (2022). The Mental health of employees with job loss and income loss during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of perceived financial stress. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6): 3158. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063158
Fernandez, B., Biswas, U.N., Tan-Mansukhani, R., Vallejo, A., & Essau, C.A. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on internet use and escapism in adolescents. Revista de Psicología Clínica con Niños y Adolescentes, 7: 59-65. https://doi.org/10.21134/rpcna.2020.mon.2056
Gregorio, J. (2021). After teenage suicides, Benguet Mayor calls for collective efforts on depression. Northern Dispatch. https://nordis.net/2021/02/12/article/news/after-teenage-suicides-benguetmayor-calls-for-collective-efforts-on-depression/
Jamon, B. & Boholano, H. (2021). Teachers’ lived experiences in the new normal in Philippine public schools: A phenomenology. International Journal of Research, 8(2), 773-782. https://journals.pen2print.org/index.php/ijr/article/view/20460
Labrague, L.J., & Ballad, C.A. (2021). Lockdown fatigue among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic: Predictive role of personal resilience, coping behaviors, and health. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 57(4): 1905–1912. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12765
Lee, S.M., Kang, W.S., Cho, A.-R., Kim, T., & Park, J.K. (2018). Psychological impact of the 2015MERS outbreak on hospital workers and quarantined hemodialysis patients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 87, 123–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.10.003
Licayan, R.J., Funa, M.C.C., Lagateria G.P., & Cabeza, R.K. (2021). Academic stress level determination among college students in times of Covid-19 pandemic: Basis for an intervention scheme. International Journal of Asian Education, 2(3), 313–326. https://doi.org/10.46966/ijae.v2i3.119
Ngina, K.M.C., Ngiao, L.A., Grande, E., & Lubrica,J.V. (2020). #iSADgen: Psychological Vulnerabilities and Mental Health Protective Factors of the iGeneration Higher Education Students in Northern Philippines.
Oducado, R.M., Rabacal, J., Moralista, R., & Tamdang, K. (2020). Perceived stress due COVID-19 pandemic among employed professional teachers. International Journal of Educational Research and Innovation, 15, 305–316. https://doi.org/10.46661/ijeri.5284
Ozbay, F., Johnson, D.C., Dimoulas, E., Morgan, C.A., Charney, D., & Southwick, S. (2007). Social support and resilience to stress from neurobiology to clinical practice. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 4(5): 3540. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2921311/
Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Santxo, N., Mondragon, N., & Santamaria M. (2021). The Psychological state of teachers during the COVID-19 crisis: The challenge of returning to face-to-face teaching. Frontier Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.620718
Partinen, M., Holzinger, B., Morin, C. M., Espie, C., Chung, F., Penzel, T., Benedict, C., Bolstad, C. J., Cedernaes, J., Chan, R., Dauvilliers, Y., De Gennaro, L., Han, F., Inoue, Y., Matsui, K., Leger, D., Cunha, A. S., Merikanto, I., Mota-Rolim, S., Nadorff, M., … Bjorvatn, B. (2021). Sleep and daytime problems during the COVID-19 pandemic and effects of coronavirus infection, confinement, and financial suffering: A multinational survey using a harmonised questionnaire. BMJ Open Journals, 11, e050672. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050672
Pope, D. (2021). Student stress during the pandemic. Stanford Graduate School of Education. https://ed.stanford.edu/news/student-stress-duringpandemic
Rubilar, N. & Oros, L. (2021). Stress and burnout in teachers during the times of pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 26.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.756007
See, D.A. (2021). Baguio Suicide Cases Rising. Baguio Herald Express Online. https://www.baguioheraldexpressonline.com/baguio-suicide-casesrising/
Shaikh, A., Peprah, E., Mohamed, R.H., Asghar, A., Andharia, N.V., Lajot, N.A., & Qureshi, M.F.H. (2021). COVID-19 and mental health: A multicountry study—the effects of lockdown on the mental health of young adults. Middle East Current Psychiatry, 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43045-021-00116-6
Son C, Hegde S., Smith, A., Wang, X., & Sasangohar, F. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 on college students' mental health in the United States: Interview survey study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(9). https://doi.org/10.2196 /21279
Speck, D. (2020). A third of teachers have Covid-19 mental health fears. Tes Magazine. https://www.tes.com/news/third-teachers-havecovid-19-mental-health-fears
Talidong, K.J.B., & Toquero, C.M.D. (2020). Philippine teachers’ practices to deal with anxiety amid COVID-19. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 25, 573-579. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1759225
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2020). The Need to Collect Essential Education Data During the Covid-19 Crisis. Fact Sheet No. 58. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000373507
World Health Organization. (2022). COVID-19 pandemic triggers 25% increase in prevalence of anxiety and depression worldwide.
https://www.who.int/news/item/02-03-2022-covid-19pandemic-triggers-25-increase-in-prevalence-ofanxiety-and-depression-worldwide
Bedingfield, W. (2021). Help, the pandemic has made me an introvert! Wired. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/lockdown-introverts
Besser A., Lotem S., & Zeigler-Hill V. (2020). Psychological stress and vocal symptoms among university professors in Israel: Implications of the shift to online synchronous teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Voice, 36(2): 291.e9-291.e16.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.05.028
Catajan, M.E. (2020). Baguio logs suicide cases. Sunstar Baguio. https://www.sunstar.com.ph/ampArticle/1868257
Cauberghe, V., Wesenbeeck, I.V., De Jans, S., Hudders, L., & Ponnet, K. (2021). How adolescents use social media to cope with feelings of loneliness and anxiety during COVID-19 lockdown. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 24(4). https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0478
Cavalera C. (2020). COVID-19 psychological implications: The role of shame and guilt. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 571828.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.571828
Çevik, G., & Yıldız, N. (2017). The Role of perceived social support and coping styles in predicting adolescents' positivity. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 5(5): 723-732. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2017.050504
Collado, Z., Landagan, M., Villareal, M., Rescober, A., Baral, G., Pantaleta, F., Banaria, D., & Cortez, C. (2022). Embracing the “New Normal”: Exploring readiness among Filipino students to engage in virtual classes. Learning: Research and Practice, 8(1): 59-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/23735082.2022.2032288
Comanda, R.C. (2021). Baguio logs 19 suicide cases in first semester of 2021. Manila Bulletin. https://mb.com.ph/2021/06/26baguio-logs-19suicide-cases-in-first-semester-of-2021/
Cordero, D.A. (2022). Down but never out! Narratives on mental health challenges of selected college students during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines: God, self, anxiety, and depression. Journal of Religion and Health, 61: 618–643. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-02101476-3
Delgado-Gallegos, J., Padilla-Rivas, G.R. , ZunigaViolante E., Aviles-Rodriguez, G., Arellanos-Soto, D., Franco-Villareal, H., Cosio-Leon M.D., RomoCardenas, G.S., & Francisco-Islas, J. (2021). Teaching anxiety, stress and resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evaluating the vulnerability of academic professionals in Mexico through the adapted COVID-19 stress scales. Frontier Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.669057
de Miguel, C., Domènech-Abella, J., Felez Nobrega, M., Cristóbal-Narváez, P., Mortier, P., Vilagut, G., Alonso, J., Olaya, B., & Haro, J.M. (2022). The Mental health of employees with job loss and income loss during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of perceived financial stress. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6): 3158. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063158
Fernandez, B., Biswas, U.N., Tan-Mansukhani, R., Vallejo, A., & Essau, C.A. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on internet use and escapism in adolescents. Revista de Psicología Clínica con Niños y Adolescentes, 7: 59-65. https://doi.org/10.21134/rpcna.2020.mon.2056
Gregorio, J. (2021). After teenage suicides, Benguet Mayor calls for collective efforts on depression. Northern Dispatch. https://nordis.net/2021/02/12/article/news/after-teenage-suicides-benguetmayor-calls-for-collective-efforts-on-depression/
Jamon, B. & Boholano, H. (2021). Teachers’ lived experiences in the new normal in Philippine public schools: A phenomenology. International Journal of Research, 8(2), 773-782. https://journals.pen2print.org/index.php/ijr/article/view/20460
Labrague, L.J., & Ballad, C.A. (2021). Lockdown fatigue among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic: Predictive role of personal resilience, coping behaviors, and health. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 57(4): 1905–1912. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12765
Lee, S.M., Kang, W.S., Cho, A.-R., Kim, T., & Park, J.K. (2018). Psychological impact of the 2015MERS outbreak on hospital workers and quarantined hemodialysis patients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 87, 123–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.10.003
Licayan, R.J., Funa, M.C.C., Lagateria G.P., & Cabeza, R.K. (2021). Academic stress level determination among college students in times of Covid-19 pandemic: Basis for an intervention scheme. International Journal of Asian Education, 2(3), 313–326. https://doi.org/10.46966/ijae.v2i3.119
Ngina, K.M.C., Ngiao, L.A., Grande, E., & Lubrica,J.V. (2020). #iSADgen: Psychological Vulnerabilities and Mental Health Protective Factors of the iGeneration Higher Education Students in Northern Philippines.
Oducado, R.M., Rabacal, J., Moralista, R., & Tamdang, K. (2020). Perceived stress due COVID-19 pandemic among employed professional teachers. International Journal of Educational Research and Innovation, 15, 305–316. https://doi.org/10.46661/ijeri.5284
Ozbay, F., Johnson, D.C., Dimoulas, E., Morgan, C.A., Charney, D., & Southwick, S. (2007). Social support and resilience to stress from neurobiology to clinical practice. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 4(5): 3540. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2921311/
Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Santxo, N., Mondragon, N., & Santamaria M. (2021). The Psychological state of teachers during the COVID-19 crisis: The challenge of returning to face-to-face teaching. Frontier Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.620718
Partinen, M., Holzinger, B., Morin, C. M., Espie, C., Chung, F., Penzel, T., Benedict, C., Bolstad, C. J., Cedernaes, J., Chan, R., Dauvilliers, Y., De Gennaro, L., Han, F., Inoue, Y., Matsui, K., Leger, D., Cunha, A. S., Merikanto, I., Mota-Rolim, S., Nadorff, M., … Bjorvatn, B. (2021). Sleep and daytime problems during the COVID-19 pandemic and effects of coronavirus infection, confinement, and financial suffering: A multinational survey using a harmonised questionnaire. BMJ Open Journals, 11, e050672. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050672
Pope, D. (2021). Student stress during the pandemic. Stanford Graduate School of Education. https://ed.stanford.edu/news/student-stress-duringpandemic
Rubilar, N. & Oros, L. (2021). Stress and burnout in teachers during the times of pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 26.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.756007
See, D.A. (2021). Baguio Suicide Cases Rising. Baguio Herald Express Online. https://www.baguioheraldexpressonline.com/baguio-suicide-casesrising/
Shaikh, A., Peprah, E., Mohamed, R.H., Asghar, A., Andharia, N.V., Lajot, N.A., & Qureshi, M.F.H. (2021). COVID-19 and mental health: A multicountry study—the effects of lockdown on the mental health of young adults. Middle East Current Psychiatry, 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43045-021-00116-6
Son C, Hegde S., Smith, A., Wang, X., & Sasangohar, F. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 on college students' mental health in the United States: Interview survey study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(9). https://doi.org/10.2196 /21279
Speck, D. (2020). A third of teachers have Covid-19 mental health fears. Tes Magazine. https://www.tes.com/news/third-teachers-havecovid-19-mental-health-fears
Talidong, K.J.B., & Toquero, C.M.D. (2020). Philippine teachers’ practices to deal with anxiety amid COVID-19. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 25, 573-579. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1759225
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2020). The Need to Collect Essential Education Data During the Covid-19 Crisis. Fact Sheet No. 58. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000373507
World Health Organization. (2022). COVID-19 pandemic triggers 25% increase in prevalence of anxiety and depression worldwide.
https://www.who.int/news/item/02-03-2022-covid-19pandemic-triggers-25-increase-in-prevalence-ofanxiety-and-depression-worldwide