Survey and Identification of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Infecting Planting Materials of Garlic (Allium sativum) in Major Growing Areas of Ilocos Norte, Philippines
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Dec 29, 2021
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Abstract
Ilocos region is the main producer of garlic in the Philippines. Bulbs from farmers’ previous harvest constitute the primary source of planting materials. While fungi, viruses, and bacteria are monitored, the equally damaging nematodes are not being reported. Hence, this study was conducted to determine the occurrence of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) in major garlic growing areas in Ilocos Norte, Philippines. A total of 198 planting materials were randomly collected from these municipalities: Pasuquin, Vintar, San Nicolas, Batac City, and Pinili. Two PPNs were isolated from plant parts such as roots, basal plates, and cloves. Ditylenchus dipsaci is abundant in the clove and basal plate, while Aphelenchoides besseyi is abundant in the clove only. The abundance index of PPN (1.56-2.07) is above the threshold level in all municipalities surveyed. Abundance indices of D. dipsaci, A. besseyi, and their combined population are recorded at 1.76, 2.05, and 2.23, respectively. The nematodes at these levels have the potential to become economically important parasites in the locality where they were found.
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References
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Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. (2019). Ditylenchus dipsaci (Stem and Bulb Nematode). In: Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. https:// www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19287.
Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. (2019). Aphelenchoides besseyi (Rice Leaf nematode). In: Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. https://www.cabi.org/isc/ datasheet/6378.
Charchar, J.M., Huang, C.S., Menezes-Sobrinho, J.A., & Lopes, C.A. (1980). Plant-parasitic nematodes identified from garlic plants (Allium sativum L. and A. ampeloprasum L.) collected from the main growing areas in Brazil. https:// worldveg.tind.io/record/12594/.
Coyne, D.L., Nicol, J.M., & Caludius-Cole, B. (2007). Practical plant Nematology: A field and laboratory guide. SP-IPM Secretariat, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Benin. Pp. 72-74
Department of Agriculture-Regional Field Office 1. (2020). High Value Crop Program and Development Database on Garlic production area in Region I. Unpublished.
De Vera-Ruiz, E. (2017). DAR Cites Decline in Garlic, Onion Production. Manila Bulletin. https://news. mb.com.ph/2017/11/16/dar-cites-decline-ingarlic-onion-production/
Douda, O. (2005). Host Range and Growth of Stem and Bulb Nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci) Populations Isolated from Garlic and Chicory. Plant Protect. Sci., 41(3): 104–108. https:// www.agriculturejournals.cz/publicFiles/16844. pdf. Accessed on March 6, 2020.
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. (2017). Aphelenchoides besseyi. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 47(3): 384–40.
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization). (2017). Ditylenchus dipsaci. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin.
Feng, H., Shao, Y., Wei, L., GAo, C., & Zhou, Y. (2014). The white-tip nematode, Aphelenchoides besseyi, exhibits an auxin-orientated behaviour affecting its migration and propagation. Nematology, 16(7): 837-845. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685 411-00002812
French, J.M., Beacham, J., Garcia, A., Goldberg, N.A., Thomas, S.H., & Hanson, S.F. (2017). First report of Stem and Bulb Nematode of Garlic in New Mexico. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHP-12-16-0069-BR.
Fortuner, R., & Merny, G. (1973). Les ne´matodes parasites des racinesassocie´ s au rizen Basse Casamance (Senegal) et en Gambie, Cahiers de l’Orstom. Se´rie. Biologique. 21: 3–20.
Green, C.D., & Sime, S. (1979). The dispersal of Ditylenchus dipsaci with vegetable seeds. Annals of Applied Biology. Wiley Online Library. https:// onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doiabs/10.1111/j.17447348.1979.tb03872.x.
Indarti, S., Subandiyah, S., Wibowo, A., & Ajri, M. (2018). First Record: A stem and Bulb Plant-Parasitic Nematode at Garlic Area Centre Temanggung, Central Java, Indonesia with Species Reference to Ditylenchus dipsaci. https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/330099755_ First_Record_A_Stem_and_Bulb_Plant_ Parasitic_Nematode_at_Garlic_Area_Centre_ Temanggung_Central_Java_Indonesia_with_ Species_Reference_to_Ditylenchus_dipsaci.
International Plant Protection Convention. (2015). Diagnostic Protocol for Regulated Pest Ditylenchus dipsaci and Ditylenchus destructor. DP_08_2015_ En_2015-12-22_Reformatted.pdf.
International Plant Protection Convention. (2016). Diagnostic Protocol for Regulated Pest. DP 17: Aphelenchoides besseyi, A. fragaria and A. ritzemabosi. DP_17_2016_En_2016-11-01_iaK6 His.pdf.
Jones, J.T., Haegeman, A., Danchin, E.G.J., Gaur, H.S., Helder, J., Jones, M.J.K., Kikuchi, T., ManzanillaLópez, R., Palomares-Rius, J.E., Wesemael, W.M.L., & Perry, R.N. (2013). Top 10 plantparasitic nematodes in molecular plant pathology. Molecular Plant Pathology, 14(9): 946-961. https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12057
Khan, M.R., & Ghosh, S. (2011). Survival and Population Dynamics of Foliar Nematode, Aphelenchoides besseyi Infecting Tuberose in West Bengal, India. Indian Journal of Nematology. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 265519872_Survival_and_population_dynamicsof_foliar_nematode_
Aphelenchoides_besseyi_ infecting_tuberose_in_West_Bengal_India.
Kohl, L.M. (2011). Foliar nematodes: A summary of biology and control with a compilation of host range. The American Phytopathological Society (APS). https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/ 10.1094/PHP-2011-1129-01-RV.
Luc, M., Sikora, R.A., & Bridge, J. (2005). Plantparasitic nematodes in subtropical and tropical agriculture. 2nd ed. CABI Wallingford. Pp 11-85, Pp 319-392.
Mor, M., & Spiegel, Y. (1993). Infection of Narcissus Roots by Aphelenchoides subtenuis. Journal of Nematology, 25(3):476-479. The Society of Nematologists 1993.
Pedroche, N.B., Villaneuva, L.M., & De Waele, D. (2013). Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with semi-temperate vegetables in the highlands of Benguet Province, Philippines. Archives of phytopathology and plant protection, 46(3): 278-294
Philippine Statistics Authority. (2014). Selected Statistics on Agriculture. https://psa.gov.ph/
Philippine Statistics Authority. (2017). Selected Statistics on Agriculture. https://psa.gov.ph/
Reddy, P.P. (2019). Introductory Plant Nematology. E-book. https://books.google.com.ph/books?id= U82MDwAAQBAJ&dq=population+threshold+ of+Ditylenchus+in+onion&source=gbs_nav links_s
Saeed, M.R.M. (2015). Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Associated with Garlic in Yemen. Egypt. J. Agronematol., 14(1): 37- 44.
Seinhorst, J.W. (1962). On the killing, fixation, and transferring to glycerin of nematodes. Nematologica, 8: 29-32. https://brill.com/view/ journals/nema/8/1/article-p29_7.xml?language =en&ebody=previewpdf-49929
Sikora, R.A., Claudius-Cole, B., & Sikora, E.J. (2018).
Nematode parasites of food legumes, in PlantParasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture, 3rd Ed, eds R. Sikora, D. Coyne, J. Hallmann, and P. Timper (Boston, MA: CABI), 290–345. doi: 10.1079/9781786391247.0290
Sturhan, D., & Brzeski, M.W. (1991). Stem and bulb nematodes, Ditylenchus spp. In: Nickle WR, editor. Manual of Agricultural Nematology. New York, NY, USA
Subbotin, S.A., & Chitambar, J.J. (2018). PlantParasitic Nematodes in Sustainable Agriculture of North America. Springer Nature Switzerland Vol. 2
Subbotin, S.A., Madani, M., Krall, E., Sturhan, D., & Moens, M. (2005). Molecular Diagnosis, Taxonomy, and Phylogeny of the Stem and Bulb Nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci Species Complex Based on the Sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer-rDNA. Phytopathology, 95(11): 1308-15. DOI: 10.1094/PHYTO-95-1303.
Sundaram, R., Rajendran, G., Lakshmanan, P.L., & Nanjan, K. (1990). Nematodes associated with garlic and vegetables in Nilgris district. J. South Indian Horticulture, 38(6): 353.
Testen, A.L., Walsh, E.K., Taylor, C.G., Miller, S.A., & Lopez-Nicora, H.D. (2014). First Report of Bloat Nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci) Infecting Garlic in Ohio. Plant Disease, 98(6): 859. https/:apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/ PDIIS-11-13-1121-PDN.
Van Bezooijen, J. (2006). Methods and Techniques for Nematology. Wageningen University, the Netherlands. p. 20
Vera Cruz, M.O., & Alberto, R.T. (1988). Survey and identification of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with garlic (Allium sativum) in San Jose City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines. Central Luzon State University, Munoz, Nueva Ecija. AGRIS, 9(2): 1-8. https://agris.fao.org/agrissearch/search.do?recordID=PH9010375
Baniqued, C.A. (1982). A preliminary survey of the plant-parasitic nematodes on garlic (Allium sativum), cassava (Manihot esculenta), corn (Zea mays) and cotton (Gossypium spp) in Ilocos and the Visayas regions (Philippines). In: 13th Anniversary and Annual Convention of the Pest Control Council of the Philippines, Baguio City (Philippines). http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/ search.do?recordID=XB8540214.
Bureau of Plant Industry. (2019). Garlic Production Guide. http://bpi.da.gov.ph/bpi/images/Produc tion_guide/pdf/Garlic.docx.
Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. (2019). Ditylenchus dipsaci (Stem and Bulb Nematode). In: Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. https:// www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19287.
Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. (2019). Aphelenchoides besseyi (Rice Leaf nematode). In: Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. https://www.cabi.org/isc/ datasheet/6378.
Charchar, J.M., Huang, C.S., Menezes-Sobrinho, J.A., & Lopes, C.A. (1980). Plant-parasitic nematodes identified from garlic plants (Allium sativum L. and A. ampeloprasum L.) collected from the main growing areas in Brazil. https:// worldveg.tind.io/record/12594/.
Coyne, D.L., Nicol, J.M., & Caludius-Cole, B. (2007). Practical plant Nematology: A field and laboratory guide. SP-IPM Secretariat, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Benin. Pp. 72-74
Department of Agriculture-Regional Field Office 1. (2020). High Value Crop Program and Development Database on Garlic production area in Region I. Unpublished.
De Vera-Ruiz, E. (2017). DAR Cites Decline in Garlic, Onion Production. Manila Bulletin. https://news. mb.com.ph/2017/11/16/dar-cites-decline-ingarlic-onion-production/
Douda, O. (2005). Host Range and Growth of Stem and Bulb Nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci) Populations Isolated from Garlic and Chicory. Plant Protect. Sci., 41(3): 104–108. https:// www.agriculturejournals.cz/publicFiles/16844. pdf. Accessed on March 6, 2020.
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. (2017). Aphelenchoides besseyi. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 47(3): 384–40.
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization). (2017). Ditylenchus dipsaci. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin.
Feng, H., Shao, Y., Wei, L., GAo, C., & Zhou, Y. (2014). The white-tip nematode, Aphelenchoides besseyi, exhibits an auxin-orientated behaviour affecting its migration and propagation. Nematology, 16(7): 837-845. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685 411-00002812
French, J.M., Beacham, J., Garcia, A., Goldberg, N.A., Thomas, S.H., & Hanson, S.F. (2017). First report of Stem and Bulb Nematode of Garlic in New Mexico. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHP-12-16-0069-BR.
Fortuner, R., & Merny, G. (1973). Les ne´matodes parasites des racinesassocie´ s au rizen Basse Casamance (Senegal) et en Gambie, Cahiers de l’Orstom. Se´rie. Biologique. 21: 3–20.
Green, C.D., & Sime, S. (1979). The dispersal of Ditylenchus dipsaci with vegetable seeds. Annals of Applied Biology. Wiley Online Library. https:// onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doiabs/10.1111/j.17447348.1979.tb03872.x.
Indarti, S., Subandiyah, S., Wibowo, A., & Ajri, M. (2018). First Record: A stem and Bulb Plant-Parasitic Nematode at Garlic Area Centre Temanggung, Central Java, Indonesia with Species Reference to Ditylenchus dipsaci. https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/330099755_ First_Record_A_Stem_and_Bulb_Plant_ Parasitic_Nematode_at_Garlic_Area_Centre_ Temanggung_Central_Java_Indonesia_with_ Species_Reference_to_Ditylenchus_dipsaci.
International Plant Protection Convention. (2015). Diagnostic Protocol for Regulated Pest Ditylenchus dipsaci and Ditylenchus destructor. DP_08_2015_ En_2015-12-22_Reformatted.pdf.
International Plant Protection Convention. (2016). Diagnostic Protocol for Regulated Pest. DP 17: Aphelenchoides besseyi, A. fragaria and A. ritzemabosi. DP_17_2016_En_2016-11-01_iaK6 His.pdf.
Jones, J.T., Haegeman, A., Danchin, E.G.J., Gaur, H.S., Helder, J., Jones, M.J.K., Kikuchi, T., ManzanillaLópez, R., Palomares-Rius, J.E., Wesemael, W.M.L., & Perry, R.N. (2013). Top 10 plantparasitic nematodes in molecular plant pathology. Molecular Plant Pathology, 14(9): 946-961. https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12057
Khan, M.R., & Ghosh, S. (2011). Survival and Population Dynamics of Foliar Nematode, Aphelenchoides besseyi Infecting Tuberose in West Bengal, India. Indian Journal of Nematology. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 265519872_Survival_and_population_dynamicsof_foliar_nematode_
Aphelenchoides_besseyi_ infecting_tuberose_in_West_Bengal_India.
Kohl, L.M. (2011). Foliar nematodes: A summary of biology and control with a compilation of host range. The American Phytopathological Society (APS). https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/ 10.1094/PHP-2011-1129-01-RV.
Luc, M., Sikora, R.A., & Bridge, J. (2005). Plantparasitic nematodes in subtropical and tropical agriculture. 2nd ed. CABI Wallingford. Pp 11-85, Pp 319-392.
Mor, M., & Spiegel, Y. (1993). Infection of Narcissus Roots by Aphelenchoides subtenuis. Journal of Nematology, 25(3):476-479. The Society of Nematologists 1993.
Pedroche, N.B., Villaneuva, L.M., & De Waele, D. (2013). Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with semi-temperate vegetables in the highlands of Benguet Province, Philippines. Archives of phytopathology and plant protection, 46(3): 278-294
Philippine Statistics Authority. (2014). Selected Statistics on Agriculture. https://psa.gov.ph/
Philippine Statistics Authority. (2017). Selected Statistics on Agriculture. https://psa.gov.ph/
Reddy, P.P. (2019). Introductory Plant Nematology. E-book. https://books.google.com.ph/books?id= U82MDwAAQBAJ&dq=population+threshold+ of+Ditylenchus+in+onion&source=gbs_nav links_s
Saeed, M.R.M. (2015). Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Associated with Garlic in Yemen. Egypt. J. Agronematol., 14(1): 37- 44.
Seinhorst, J.W. (1962). On the killing, fixation, and transferring to glycerin of nematodes. Nematologica, 8: 29-32. https://brill.com/view/ journals/nema/8/1/article-p29_7.xml?language =en&ebody=previewpdf-49929
Sikora, R.A., Claudius-Cole, B., & Sikora, E.J. (2018).
Nematode parasites of food legumes, in PlantParasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture, 3rd Ed, eds R. Sikora, D. Coyne, J. Hallmann, and P. Timper (Boston, MA: CABI), 290–345. doi: 10.1079/9781786391247.0290
Sturhan, D., & Brzeski, M.W. (1991). Stem and bulb nematodes, Ditylenchus spp. In: Nickle WR, editor. Manual of Agricultural Nematology. New York, NY, USA
Subbotin, S.A., & Chitambar, J.J. (2018). PlantParasitic Nematodes in Sustainable Agriculture of North America. Springer Nature Switzerland Vol. 2
Subbotin, S.A., Madani, M., Krall, E., Sturhan, D., & Moens, M. (2005). Molecular Diagnosis, Taxonomy, and Phylogeny of the Stem and Bulb Nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci Species Complex Based on the Sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer-rDNA. Phytopathology, 95(11): 1308-15. DOI: 10.1094/PHYTO-95-1303.
Sundaram, R., Rajendran, G., Lakshmanan, P.L., & Nanjan, K. (1990). Nematodes associated with garlic and vegetables in Nilgris district. J. South Indian Horticulture, 38(6): 353.
Testen, A.L., Walsh, E.K., Taylor, C.G., Miller, S.A., & Lopez-Nicora, H.D. (2014). First Report of Bloat Nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci) Infecting Garlic in Ohio. Plant Disease, 98(6): 859. https/:apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/ PDIIS-11-13-1121-PDN.
Van Bezooijen, J. (2006). Methods and Techniques for Nematology. Wageningen University, the Netherlands. p. 20
Vera Cruz, M.O., & Alberto, R.T. (1988). Survey and identification of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with garlic (Allium sativum) in San Jose City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines. Central Luzon State University, Munoz, Nueva Ecija. AGRIS, 9(2): 1-8. https://agris.fao.org/agrissearch/search.do?recordID=PH9010375